Keragaman Genetik Karakter Agronomi dan Seleksi Genotipe Sorgum Generasi F4 Hasil Persilangan Pulut 3 x Soraya 3

Abstract

Sorgum berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia sebagai bahan pangan alternatif. Pengembangan varietas sorgum dengan karakter unggul dan berdaya hasil tinggi masih terbatas. Perbaikan genetik diperlukan melalui persilangan yang berpotensi mengalami segregasi dan rekombinasi gen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan informasi keragaman genetik, aksi gen, dan jumlah gen yang mengendalikan karakter agronomi, serta memperoleh genotipe yang berdaya hasil lebih tinggi dibandingkan tetuanya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Sawah Baru, IPB pada bulan Oktober 2025 – Maret 2026. Penanaman sebanyak 243 genotipe F4 sorgum hasil persilangan Pulut 3 × Soraya 3 dengan metode single seed descent. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan populasi F4 memiliki keragaman genetik tinggi pada sebagian karakter. Karakter agronomi dikendalikan oleh aksi gen epistasis, dominan, dan aditif dengan jumlah gen yang mengendalikan banyak atau sedikit gen. Diameter malai dikendalikan aksi gen aditif. Sebagian karakter berkorelasi positif nyata terhadap karakter bobot biji per malai. Seleksi berdasarkan bobot biji per malai menghasilkan 25 genotipe terseleksi dengan daya hasil lebih tinggi dari tetua terbaik Soraya 3.

Sorghum has the potential to be developed in Indonesia as an alternative food source. The development of sorghum varieties with superior traits and high yields remains limited. Genetic improvement is necessary through crossbreeding, which has the potential to result in gene segregation and recombination. This study aims to obtain information on genetic variability, the action and number of genes associated with agronomic traits, and to identify genotypes with higher yields than the parental lines. The study was conducted at the Sawah Baru Experimental Farm, IPB, from October 2025 to March 2026. A total of 243 F4 sorghum genotypes resulting from the Pulut 3 × Soraya 3 cross were planted using the single seed descent method. The results showed that the F4 population exhibited high genetic variability for some traits. Agronomic traits are controlled by the action of epistatic, dominant, and additive genes, with the numbers of genes controlling the traits varying from multiple to few genes. Panicle diameter was controlled by additive gene action. Some traits showed a significant positive correlation with grain weight per panicle. Selection based on grain weight per panicle resulted 25 selected genotypes with higher yield potential than the best parent, Soraya 3.