Strategi Pengelolaan Kepiting Bakau (Scylla spp.) di Desa Tongke-tongke Kabupaten Sinjai Sulawesi Selatan

Abstract

Kepiting bakau (Scylla spp.) merupakan sumber daya perikanan penting bagi masyarakat pesisir Desa Tongke-tongke, Kabupaten Sinjai. Ekosistem mangrove mendukung kehidupan kepiting bakau sebagai habitat, tempat mencari makan, tempat berlindung, dan area asuhan. Pemanfaatan kepiting berukuran kecil dan keterbatasan pengawasan berpotensi menekan keberlanjutan sumber daya tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bioekologi dan habitat kepiting bakau, menganalisis peran serta interaksi pemangku kepentingan, dan merumuskan prioritas strategi pengelolaannya. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi analisis bioekologi, distribusi spasial juvenil dan kepiting muda, analisis pemangku kepentingan, serta penentuan prioritas strategi dalam kerangka pengelolaan berbasis ekosistem mangrove. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Maret–Mei 2025 di ekosistem mangrove Desa Tongke-tongke. Data bioekologi dikumpulkan pada enam area pengamatan. Setiap area terdiri atas tiga plot berukuran 10 × 10 m. Kepiting bakau ditangkap menggunakan bubu bambu berumpan yang direndam selama 12 jam. Sampel hasil tangkapan diukur lebar karapas dan bobotnya, dicatat jenis kelaminnya, serta diidentifikasi spesiesnya. Kondisi habitat dianalisis berdasarkan vegetasi mangrove, substrat, dan kualitas perairan menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Indeks Kualitas Habitat (IKH). Nursery area diidentifikasi melalui analisis spasial dan deskriptif berdasarkan distribusi kepiting fase juvenil dan muda. Peran pemangku kepentingan dianalisis menggunakan Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations (MACTOR). Prioritas strategi pengelolaan ditentukan menggunakan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) berdasarkan penilaian ahli. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem mangrove Desa Tongke-tongke merupakan habitat penting bagi S. olivacea dan S. serrata. S. olivacea mendominasi habitat mangrove berlumpur dengan vegetasi yang rapat. Struktur populasi kepiting bakau didominasi oleh individu berukuran sedang, juvenil, dan kepiting muda. Nisbah kelamin cenderung didominasi oleh individu jantan, terutama pada S. olivacea. Kerapatan mangrove yang sangat padat, dominasi Rhizophora mucronata, substrat lumpur hingga lempung berliat, dan kualitas habitat yang tergolong baik menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem mangrove Tongke-tongke berperan sebagai habitat pembesaran, perlindungan, dan jalur migrasi reproduktif kepiting bakau. Karakteristik tersebut menunjukkan bahwa keberlanjutan populasi Scylla spp. sangat bergantung pada perlindungan nursery area, pengaturan ukuran minimum tangkap, dan perlindungan betina matang gonad. Pengelolaan kepiting bakau di Desa Tongke-tongke melibatkan pemerintah, pelaku usaha, nelayan, penyuluh, pengawas, pejabat karantina, dan kelompok masyarakat. Setiap aktor memiliki tingkat pengaruh yang berbeda. Aktor yang memiliki kewenangan formal, terutama Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi, Pengawas Perikanan, dan Pejabat Karantina, berperan dominan dalam menentukan arah pengelolaan. Nelayan dan pengumpul berada pada posisi bergantung karena memiliki daya tawar yang lebih rendah dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Interaksi antara pemangku kepentingan menunjukkan potensi kerja sama yang cukup kuat, terutama pada tujuan perlindungan habitat mangrove dan penguatan pengelolaan. Potensi konflik masih muncul pada aktor pengumpul karena adanya perbedaan kepentingan antara orientasi ekonomi dan tujuan konservasi. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan kepiting bakau di Tongke-tongke memerlukan tata kelola kolaboratif yang mampu menyeimbangkan kewenangan pemerintah, kepentingan ekonomi pelaku usaha, dan partisipasi aktor lokal. Strategi pengelolaan kepiting bakau di Desa Tongke-tongke perlu diarahkan pada perlindungan fungsi ekologis habitat sebagai prioritas utama. Strategi tersebut dapat dilakukan melalui perlindungan nursery area, penguatan pengawasan, dan peningkatan selektivitas alat tangkap. Keberlanjutan pemanfaatan Scylla spp. tidak dapat hanya bertumpu pada peningkatan hasil tangkapan. Keberlanjutan tersebut perlu didasarkan pada perlindungan habitat mangrove, pengendalian penangkapan individu muda dan betina reproduktif, penguatan kelembagaan pengawasan, serta pelibatan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan. Pendekatan tersebut dapat mendukung keberlanjutan populasi kepiting bakau dan menjaga manfaat ekonomi bagi masyarakat pesisir Desa Tongke-tongke.

Mud crab (Scylla spp.) is an important fishery resource for coastal communities in Tongke-tongke Village, Sinjai Regency. The mangrove ecosystem supports the life of mud crabs by providing habitat, feeding grounds, shelter, and nursery areas. The exploitation of small-sized crabs and limited monitoring may threaten the sustainability of this resource. This study aimed to analyze the bioecology and habitat of mud crabs, examine the roles and interactions of stakeholders, and formulate priority management strategies. The novelty of this study lies in integrating bioecological analysis, the spatial distribution of juveniles and young crabs, stakeholder analysis, and strategy prioritization within a mangrove ecosystem-based management framework. The study was conducted from March to May 2025 in the mangrove ecosystem of Tongke-tongke Village. Bioecological data were collected from six observation areas. Each area consisted of three 10 × 10 m plots. Mud crabs were captured using baited bamboo traps that were deployed for 12 hours. The captured samples were measured for carapace width and body weight, recorded for sex, and identified to species level. Habitat conditions were analyzed based on mangrove vegetation, substrate, and water quality using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Habitat Quality Index (HQI). Nursery areas were identified through spatial and descriptive analyses based on the distribution of juvenile and young crabs. Stakeholder roles were analyzed using the Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations (MACTOR). Management strategy priorities were determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on expert judgment. The results showed that the mangrove ecosystem of Tongke-tongke Village is an important habitat for S. olivacea and S. serrata. S. olivacea dominated muddy mangrove habitats with dense vegetation. Medium-sized individuals, juveniles, and young crabs dominated the population structure of mud crabs. The sex ratio tended to be male dominated, particularly in S. olivacea. Very dense mangrove stands, the dominance of Rhizophora mucronata, muddy to clay-loam substrates, and good habitat quality indicate that the Tongke-tongke mangrove ecosystem functions as a growth habitat, a shelter, and a reproductive migration pathway for mud crabs. These characteristics indicate that the sustainability of Scylla spp. populations strongly depend on the protection of nursery areas, the regulation of minimum capture size, and the protection of mature females. Mud crab management in Tongke-tongke Village involves government agencies, business actors, fishers, extension officers, fisheries supervisors, quarantine officers, and community groups. Each actor has a different level of influence. Actors with formal authority, particularly the Provincial Marine and Fisheries Office, Fisheries Supervisors, and Quarantine Officers, play dominant roles in determining the direction of management. Fishers and collectors occupy dependent positions because they have lower bargaining power in decision-making. Stakeholder interactions indicate considerable potential for cooperation, particularly in strengthening mangrove habitat protection and management. However, potential conflict remains among collectors due to differences between economic interests and conservation objectives. This condition indicates that mud crab management in Tongke-tongke requires collaborative governance that can balance government authority, the economic interests of business actors, and the participation of local actors. Mud crab management strategies in Tongke-tongke Village should prioritize protecting the ecological functions of the habitat. These strategies can be implemented through nursery area protection, strengthened monitoring, and improved selectivity of fishing gear. The sustainable use of Scylla spp. cannot rely solely on increasing catch production. It must be based on mangrove habitat protection, control of the capture of young individuals and reproductive females, strengthened monitoring institutions, and community involvement in management. This approach can support the sustainability of mud crab populations and maintain economic benefits for the coastal communities of Tongke-tongke Village.