Efektivitas Rehabilitasi Mangrove dalam Pemulihan Fungsi Ekosistem Berbasis Indikator Fungsional di Pulau Tidung Kecil, Jakarta

Abstract

Rehabilitasi mangrove merupakan upaya penting untuk memulihkan fungsi ekologis ekosistem pesisir. Evaluasi keberhasilan rehabilitasi mangrove selama ini masih banyak menekankan indikator struktural yang belum sepenuhnya efektif menggambarkan pemulihan fungsi ekosistem secara menyeluruh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis indikator fungsional dan kondisi mangrove rehabilitasi, menilai efektivitas rehabilitasi dalam memulihkan fungsi ekosistem mangrove, serta merumuskan strategi pengelolaan mangrove pasca-rehabilitasi di Pulau Tidung Kecil. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Januari–Juni 2025 dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitik. Indikator fungsional mangrove dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan Systematic Literature Review (SLR), kondisi eksisting mangrove rehabilitasi dianalisis dengan observasi lapangan dan analisis vegetasi. Efektivitas pemulihan fungsi ekosistem dinilai menggunakan Indeks Efektivitas Rehabilitasi (IER), sedangkan strategi pengelolaan pasca-rehabilitasi dirumuskan menggunakan Analytic Hierarchy Process berdasarkan kriteria ekologi, sosial dan kelembagaan. Indikator fungsional berdasarkan 17 artikel terpilih mengidentifikasi 82 indikator yang dikelompokkan dalam 11 kategori fungsi ekosistem mencakup fungsi biofisik, biogeokimia, biologis, serta sosial-ekonomi dan budaya, dan menjadi dasar dalam menilai kondisi mangrove rehabilitasi di Pulau Tidung Kecil. Kondisi mangrove rehabilitasi menunjukkan terbentuknya tegakan pada tingkat semai, anakan, dan pohon yang tersebar mengikuti garis pantai serta tersusun atas empat jenis mangrove dengan dominansi R. stylosa. Tegakan yang tergolong padat dan didukung oleh kondisi lingkungan yang sesuai menunjukkan bahwa rehabilitasi telah berhasil membentuk struktur vegetasi pesisir. Namun, diameter batang yang relatif kecil dan komposisi jenis yang homogen menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan tegakan belum optimal. Rehabilitasi mangrove di Pulau Tidung Kecil tergolong sebagian efektif dalam memulihkan fungsi ekosistem. Pemulihan telah terlihat pada fungsi penyimpanan karbon, perlindungan pantai, rekrutmen alami, penyediaan habitat, siklus hara, stabilitas sedimen, dan wisata edukasi. Namun, pemulihan tersebut belum optimal karena stok karbon masih lebih rendah dibandingkan mangrove alami, regenerasi alami belum merata, struktur komunitas biota belum terukur secara lengkap, dan manfaat sosial-ekonomi masih terbatas pada fungsi edukasi. Strategi pengelolaan pascarehabilitasi perlu diarahkan pada peningkatan pemulihan fungsi ekosistem melalui penjarangan selektif untuk mengurangi kompetisi antar individu, pengayaan jenis untuk mengurangi homogenitas tegakan, pemantauan berkala terhadap indikator fungsional, serta penguatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan kawasan mangrove.

Mangrove rehabilitation is an important effort to restore the ecological functions of coastal ecosystems. Assessments of mangrove rehabilitation success have largely emphasized structural indicators, which have not fully captured the overall recovery of ecosystem functions. This study aims to analyze functional indicators and the condition of rehabilitated mangroves, assess the effectiveness of rehabilitation in restoring mangrove ecosystem functions, and formulate post-rehabilitation mangrove management strategies on Tidung Kecil Island. The study was conducted from January to June 2025 using a descriptive-analytical approach. Mangrove functional indicators were analyzed using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, while the existing condition of rehabilitated mangroves was assessed through field observations and vegetation analysis. The effectiveness of ecosystem function recovery was evaluated using the Rehabilitation Effectiveness Index (REI), whereas post-rehabilitation management strategies were formulated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process based on ecological, social, and institutional criteria. Functional indicators based on 17 selected articles identified 82 indicators grouped into 11 categories of ecosystem functions, encompassing biophysical, biogeochemical, biological, socio-economic, and cultural functions. These indicators served as a basis for assessing the condition of rehabilitated mangroves on Tidung Kecil Island. The rehabilitated mangrove area has developed stands at the seedling, sapling, and tree stages, distributed along the coastline and comprising four mangrove species, with R. stylosa as the dominant species. The relatively dense stands, supported by suitable environmental conditions, indicate that rehabilitation has successfully established a coastal vegetation structure. However, the relatively small stem diameters and homogeneous species composition suggest that stand development has not yet reached an optimal condition. Mangrove rehabilitation on Tidung Kecil Island was classified as partially effective in restoring ecosystem functions. Recovery was evident in carbon storage, coastal protection, natural recruitment, habitat provision, nutrient cycling, sediment stability, and educational tourism functions. However, this recovery has not yet been optimal because carbon stocks remain lower than those of natural mangroves, natural regeneration is not evenly distributed, biotic community structure has not been comprehensively measured, and socio-economic benefits remain limited to educational functions. Post-rehabilitation management strategies should be directed toward enhancing ecosystem function recovery through selective thinning to reduce competition among individuals and species, species enrichment to reduce stand homogeneity, periodic monitoring of functional indicators, and strengthened community participation in mangrove area management.