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      Edukasi Gizi Berbasis Theory of Planned Behaviour untuk Peningkatan Konsumsi Sayur dan Buah pada Anak Sekolah Dasar

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      ZAFIRA, TSURAYA
      Dwiriani, Cesilia Meti
      Khomsan, Ali
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      Abstract
      Anak sekolah dasar merupakan fase pertumbuhan dan perkembangan yang membutuhkan asupan gizi optimal untuk mencegah permasalahan gizi dan risiko penyakit di kemudian hari, namun konsumsi sayur dan buah pada kelompok usia ini masih rendah. Edukasi gizi berbasis Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) menjadi salah satu pendekatan yang efektif karena tidak hanya meningkatkan pengetahuan, tetapi juga memengaruhi sikap, norma subjektif, perceived behavioral control, dan niat berperilaku anak terhadap konsumsi sayur dan buah. Keterlibatan ibu dalam edukasi gizi turut berperan penting mengingat ibu memiliki pengaruh besar dalam penyediaan pangan dan pembentukan kebiasaan makan anak di rumah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh edukasi gizi berbasis TPB terhadap peningkatan konsumsi sayur dan buah anak. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain quasi-experimental pre–post dengan kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol. Sebanyak 70 ibu dan anak sekolah dasar kelas 5 dari SDN 04 Bojong Rangkas sebagai kelompok perlakuan dan SDN 01 Cihideung Udik sebagai kelompok kontrol, yang dipilih dengan cara multistage random sampling. Intervensi dilakukan selama 4 minggu, pada kelompok perlakuan menggunakan media booklet dan sesi pertemuan berbasis power point, sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya menerima leaflet tanpa pertemuan. Pertemuan edukasi dilakukan sebanyak empat kali pada anak dan dua kali pada ibu. Penilaian meliputi pengetahuan dan konstruk TPB menggunakan kuesioner, konsumsi sayur dan buah melalui kuesioner terbuka dan FFQ, serta tingkat kecukupan gizi dengan metode recall 2×24 jam. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS 26.0 dengan uji statistik Shapiro Wilk, Chi-square, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank, Paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U, Independent Sample t-test, dan uji ANCOVA dengan melibatkan variabel confounder (pendidikan ibu dan pendapatan perkapita keluarga). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa edukasi gizi berbasis Theory of Planned Behaviour efektif meningkatkan pengetahuan dan konstruk TPB pada anak dan ibu di kelompok perlakuan, sementara pada kelompok kontrol tidak terjadi perubahan signifikan pada norma subjektif anak. Kelompok perlakuan mengalami peningkatan signifikan pada ketersediaan sayur dan buah di rumah, frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah anak serta keluarga, serta jumlah konsumsi buah anak, namun belum pada jumlah konsumsi sayur. Pada kelompok kontrol, peningkatan signifikan hanya terjadi pada ketersediaan sayur di rumah dan frekuensi konsumsi sayur anak dan keluarga. Selain itu, tingkat kecukupan gizi anak pada kelompok perlakuan meningkat signifikan pada asupan energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat, dan serat, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol hanya terjadi peningkatan asupan energi, dan tidak terdapat perubahan signifikan pada kecukupan zat gizi mikro pada kedua kelompok. Edukasi gizi dengan durasi singkat belum mampu menghasilkan perubahan asupan sayur dan buah yang bermakna, sehingga diperlukan penguatan berkelanjutan melalui peran aktif guru dan dukungan lingkungan pangan sekolah yang selaras dengan pesan edukasi. Instansi terkait disarankan mengembangkan kebijakan yang menjadikan edukasi gizi sebagai bagian dari sistem sekolah secara berkesinambungan, tidak hanya program jangka pendek. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, disarankan menggunakan durasi intervensi yang lebih panjang (minimal 3-6 bulan), menyertakan evaluasi tindak lanjut, mengendalikan faktor lingkungan sekolah, serta menggunakan metode pengukuran konsumsi yang lebih objektif dan memperkuat pendekatan berbasis Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), agar efektivitas intervensi dalam membentuk perilaku konsumsi sayur dan buah yang berkelanjutan dapat dibuktikan secara lebih komprehensif.
       
      Elementary school children are in a critical phase of growth and development that requires optimal nutritional intake to prevent nutritional problems and disease risks later in life; however, vegetable and fruit consumption in this age group remains low. Nutrition education based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is considered an effective approach because it not only improves knowledge but also influences attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and children’s behavioral intentions regarding vegetable and fruit consumption. Mothers’ involvement in nutrition education also plays an important role, as they have a major influence on food provision and the formation of children’s eating habits at home. This study aimed to analyze the effect of TPB-based nutrition education on improving children’s vegetable and fruit consumption. This study employed a quasi-experimental pre–post design with intervention and control groups. A total of 70 mothers and fifth-grade elementary school children from SDN 04 Bojong Rangkas (intervention group) and SDN 01 Cihideung Udik (control group) were selected using multistage random sampling. The intervention was conducted over four weeks. The intervention group received booklet media and educational sessions using PowerPoint presentations, while the control group received only leaflets without any meetings. Educational sessions were conducted four times for children and twice for mothers. Assessments included knowledge and TPB constructs measured using questionnaires, vegetable and fruit consumption assessed through open-ended questionnaires and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and nutritional adequacy evaluated using a 2×24-hour dietary recall. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 with Shapiro–Wilk, Chi-square, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank, Paired t-test, Mann–Whitney U, Independent Sample t-test, and ANCOVA tests, controlling for confounding variables (maternal education and family per capita income). The results showed that TPB-based nutrition education effectively improved knowledge and TPB constructs among children and mothers in the intervention group, whereas no significant change in children’s subjective norms was observed in the control group. The intervention group experienced significant increases in the availability of vegetables and fruits at home, the frequency of vegetable and fruit consumption among children and families, and children’s fruit intake, although not in vegetable intake quantity. In the control group, significant improvements were observed only in the availability of vegetables at home and the frequency of vegetable consumption among children and families. Additionally, children’s nutritional adequacy in the intervention group significantly improved in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and fiber intake, while in the control group only energy intake increased, and no significant changes were found in micronutrient adequacy in either group. Short-duration nutrition education was not sufficient to produce meaningful changes in vegetable and fruit intake; therefore, sustained reinforcement through active teacher involvement and supportive school food environments aligned with educational messages is needed. Relevant institutions are encouraged to develop policies that integrate nutrition education into the school system on a continuous basis rather than as short-term programs. Future studies are recommended to implement longer intervention durations (at least 3-6 months), include follow-up evaluations, control for school environmental factors, use more objective dietary assessment methods, and further strengthen the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) approach to provide more comprehensive evidence of the effectiveness of nutrition education in promoting sustainable vegetable and fruit consumption behaviors among school children.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173007
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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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