Kehilangan Alat Tangkap dan Dampaknya terhadap Pendapatan Nelayan Bubu dan Jaring Insang di Teluk Jakarta

Abstract

Bubu dan jaring insang merupakan jenis alat tangkap pasif yang berpotensi tinggi mengalami kehilangan. Hilangnya alat tangkap berdampak pada ekonomi nelayan karena nelayan harus mengganti alat tangkap. Kehilangan alat tangkap juga berpotensi mengurangi hasil tangkapan sehingga terjadi penurunan pendapatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengestimasi jumlah kehilangan bubu dan jaring insang, menganalisis kelayakan usaha unit perikanan bubu dan jaring insang, mengetahui penyebab dan dampak kehilangan alat tangkap tersebut terhadap pendapatan nelayan. Penelitian menggunakan metode survei lapangan terhadap populasi nelayan bubu dan jaring insang di Kali Adem, Muara Angke. Penelitian menghasilkan estimasi jumlah kehilangan alat tangkap sebanyak 1.588 unit bubu dan 285 piece jaring insang per bulan, atau 19.056 bubu dan 3.420 piece jaring insang per tahun. Penyebab kehilangan meliputi pencurian, terseret propeller kapal lain, konflik dengan alat tangkap lain, terbawa arus, kesalahan operasional, tersangkut terumbu karang, dan hilangnya pelampung tanda. Rata-rata biaya kehilangan bubu diestimasi mencapai Rp1.639.250 per bulan pernelayan pemilik bubu atau Rp19.774.750 per tahun. Sementara itu, rata-rata biaya kehilangan jaring insang diestimasikan senilai Rp2.454.540 per bulan per armada penangkapan jaring insang dan Rp29.945.388 per tahun. Usaha perikanan bubu dapat dikatakan layak dengan keuntungan per tahun sebesar Rp92.372.00 dan pengembalian investasi dalam waktu 1,9 tahun (23 bulan). Usaha perikanan jaring insang juga dapat dikatakan layak dengan keuntungan per tahun Rp90.278.000 dan pengembalian investasi dalam waktu 1,5 tahun (18 bulan). Penurunan pendapatan bulanan nelayan bubu diestimasi sebesar 12,7% pada musim puncak, 9,5% pada musim paceklik, dan 9,4% pada musim peralihan. Penurunan pendapatan bulanan nelayan jaring insang diestimasikan sebesar 8,9% pada musim puncak dan peralihan serta 8,8% pada musim paceklik.

Traps and gillnets as passive fishing gears have a high potential for loss during fishing operations, particularly in areas with intense fishing activity such as Jakarta Bay. The economic impact includes the need to replace lost gear and a decline in fishers' income. This study aims to estimate the number of traps and gillnets loss, analyze the feasibility of trap and gillnet fishing businesses, identify the causes and impact of fishing gear loss to the fishers’ income. The study found that estimated loss of traps and gillnets were 1.588 traps and 285 gillnets per month, respectively which equivalent to 19.056 traps and 3.420 gillnets per year. Identified causes of the gear loss include theft, being dragged by fishing boat propellers, conflict with other fishing gear, ocean currents, operational errors, entanglement with coral reefs, and the loss of marker buoys. The average financial loss from lost traps was estimated at Rp1.639.250 per month or Rp 19.774.750 per year, while the loss from gillnets was estimated at Rp2.454.540 per month or Rp29.945.388 per year. Trap fishing businesses can be considered feasible, with an annual profit of Rp92.372.000 and a payback period of 1.9 years (23 months). Similarly, gillnet fishing businesses were also considered feasible, with an annual profit of Rp90,278,000 and a payback period of 1.5 years (18 months). The estimated monthly income reduction for the trap fishers was 12.7% during peak season, 9.5% during the off-season, and 9.4% during the transitional season. For the gillnet fishers, the estimated income reduction was 8.9% during peak and transitional seasons, and 8.8% during the off-season.