Efektivitas Bakteriofag sebagai Biokontrol Vibrio parahaemolyticus Penyebab AHPND pada Udang Vaname
Date
2026Author
Fadlilah, Rizqy Aditya
Sukenda
Widanarni
Wahjuningrum, Dinamella
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) telah menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi global yang signifikan dan menjadi ancaman serius bagi keberlanjutan budidaya udang vaname intensif. Secara spesifik, penyakit ini disebabkan oleh binary toxin pirA dan pirB yang dapat ditemukan pada beberapa spesies Vibrio sp. termasuk Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Antibiotik sudah lama digunakan sebagai obat untuk mengendalikan penyakit ini pada kegiatan budidaya. Selain itu, pada beberapa laporan disebutkan bahwa pelaku budidaya sering kali menggunakan antibiotik sebagai langkah profilaksis dan sebagai pemicu pertumbuhan. Penggunaan antibiotik dalam jangka panjang yang tidak sesuai dengan aturan pakai dapat memicu perkembangan strain multiresisten (MDR), sehingga efektivitas antibiotik semakin menurun dan berpotensi menimbulkan dampak yang lebih serius terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan. Dalam konteks ini, bakteriofag (fag) hadir sebagai kandidat agen biokontrol yang potensial karena sifatnya yang spesifik, relatif ramah lingkungan, dan mampu menargetkan strain V. parahaemolyticus yang telah resisten terhadap antibiotik. Namun, informasi mengenai efektivitas fag tunggal dibandingkan dengan koktail fag terhadap isolat V. parahaemolyticus penyebab AHPND asal Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi efektivitas terapi bakteriofag dalam mengendalikan infeksi V. parahaemolyticus penyebab AHPND pada udang vaname.
Penelitian disusun dalam tiga tahap. Tahap pertama meliputi isolasi, identifikasi, dan karakterisasi isolat V. parahaemolyticus yang dikoleksi dari berbagai lokasi (Belitung, Lampung, Banten, Jawa Barat, dan Jawa Timur). Isolasi dilakukan pada media selektif HiCrome™ Vibrio agar, diikuti pemurnian koloni, koleksi, dan konfirmasi spesies dilakukan menggunakan PCR (gen toxR). Isolat selanjutnya diuji profil antibiotik terhadap lima antibiotik yaitu, eritromisin, oksitetrasiklin, tetrasiklin, klortetrasiklin, dan enrofloksasin, serta dilakukan uji virulensi terkhusus pada isolat dengan level resistansi antibiotik yang tinggi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa seluruh isolat V. parahaemolyticus pada penelitian ini resisten terhadap eritromisin, tetrasiklin, dan enrofloksasin, 87,5% (n = 14) resisten terhadap oksitetrasiklin dan 62,5% (n = 10) resisten terhadap klortetrasiklin. Virulensi strain AHPND menunjukkan kematian kumulatif sebesar 90% dalam waktu 72 jam pasca perendaman (106 CFU mL-1), sedangkan strain non-AHPND menyebabkan 30% kematian dalam waktu 96 jam pasca perendaman (106 CFU mL1 ).
Tahap kedua berfokus pada isolasi, pemurnian, dan karakterisasi bakteriofag spesifik V. parahaemolyticus dari sampel air tambak dan perairan pesisir di Belitung, Lampung, Anyer, Jakarta Utara, Sukabumi, Yogyakarta, Situbondo, dan Rembang. Empat kandidat fag (Belitung, Lampung, Anyer, dan Jakarta Utara) berhasil diisolasi dan dimurnikan melalui serangkaian proses pengayaan dan uji variasi inang terhadap beberapa isolat V. parahaemolyticus AHPND. Karakterisasi morfologi plak menunjukkan variasi kejernihan dan ukuran plak, dengan konsentrasi fag mencapai 108 – 10? PFU mL-1. Dua kandidat terbaik dipilih, yaitu fag BT (Anyer, Banten) dan fag LP (asal Lampung), keduanya menunjukkan aktivitas litik yang relatif lebih kuat terhadap isolat V. parahaemolyticus AHPND dibandingkan isolat fag lainnya berdasarkan hasil uji antagonistik in vitro.
Tahap ketiga merupakan evaluasi in vivo terapi fag pada udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus resisten rifampisin (Vp-Rf) isolat S pada dosis LC50. Terapi diterapkan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan enam perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu kontrol negatif (tanpa infeksi), kontrol positif (infeksi tanpa fag), kontrol fag (tanpa infeksi + kombinasi fag), fag tunggal A, fag tunggal B, dan koktail fag A + B (1:1) pada multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteriofag, baik dalam bentuk fag tunggal maupun koktail, mampu menekan pertumbuhan Vp-Rf pada saluran pencernaan udang, terutama pada organ hepatopankreas sebagai organ target AHPND. Pada kontrol positif, kelimpahan Vp-Rf di hepatopankreas mencapai 5,85 ± 0,38 log CFU g-1 pada jam ke-24, sedangkan pada perlakuan fag tunggal dan koktail fag kelimpahan menurun signifikan menjadi sekitar 2,57 ± 0,36 (A); 1,24 ± 0,20 (B); dan 1,50 ± 0,12 (C) log CFU g-1. Pola penurunan yang serupa juga diamati pada organ usus, dengan penurunan tajam kelimpahan Vp-Rf sekitar jam ke-24, diikuti fluktuasi pada jam ke-48 dan penurunan kembali pada jam ke-72 dan 120. Secara keseluruhan, koktail fag menunjukkan pola penekanan yang lebih stabil dan konsisten dibanding fag tunggal. Parameter kelulushidupan (TKH) memperkuat temuan ini: kontrol negatif dan kontrol fag memiliki TKH 100 ± 0%, kontrol positif hanya 43,33 ± 5,77%, sedangkan terapi fag tunggal A dan B masing-masing menghasilkan TKH 36,67 ± 15,28% dan 40 ± 10% dengan nilai relative percent survival (RPS) negatif (-11,75% dan -5,88%). Sebaliknya, koktail fag (perlakuan C) menghasilkan TKH 93,33 ± 11,55% dengan RPS 88,23%, tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol negatif dan kontrol fag (p > 0,05) dan berbeda nyata dengan kontrol positif maupun fag tunggal (p < 0,05). Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) has caused significant global economic losses and poses a serious threat to the sustainability of intensive whiteleg shrimp farming. Specifically, this disease is caused by the binary toxins pirA and pirB, which can be found in several Vibrio species, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Antibiotics have long been used as a medication to control this disease in aquaculture activities. Additionally, some reports mention that aquaculture farmers often use antibiotics as a prophylactic measure and as a growth trigger. Long-term antibiotic use that does not adhere to the prescribed dosage can trigger the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, leading to a further decline in antibiotic effectiveness and potentially causing more serious environmental and health impacts. In this context, bacteriophages (phage) are presented as potential biocontrol agents due to their specificity, relative environmental friendliness, and ability to target antibiotic-resistent strains of V. parahaemolyticus. However, information regarding the effectiveness of single phages compared to phage cocktails against V. parahaemolyticus isolates causing AHPND from Indonesia is still very limited. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of bacteriophage therapy in controlling V. parahaemolyticus infection, the cause of AHPND in whiteleg shrimp.
The research is structured in three stages. The first stage includes the isolation, identification, and characterization of V. parahaemolyticus isolates collected from various locations (Belitung, Lampung, Banten, West Java, and East Java). Isolation was performed on selective HiCrome™ Vibrio agar, followed by colony purification, collection, and species confirmation using PCR (toxR gene). The isolates were then tested for antibiotic profiles against five antibiotics: erythromycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and enrofloxacin. Virulence tests were also conducted specifically on isolates with high levels of antibiotic resistence. The results showed that all V. parahaemolyticus isolates in this study were resistent to erythromycin, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin, 87,5% (n = 14) were resistent to oxytetracycline, and 62,5% (n = 10) were resistent to chlortetracycline. The virulence of the AHPND strain showed a cumulative mortality of 90% within 72 hours post-immersion (106 CFU mL-1), while the nonAHPND strain caused 30% mortality within 96 hours post-immersion (106 CFU mL-1).
The second stage focuses on the isolation, purification, and characterization of V. parahaemolyticus-specific bacteriophages from pond water and coastal water samples in Belitung, Lampung, Anyer, North Jakarta, Sukabumi, Yogyakarta, Situbondo, and Rembang. Four candidate strains (Belitung, Lampung, Anyer, and North Jakarta) were successfully isolated and purified through a series of enrichment processes and host range testing on several V. parahaemolyticus AHPND isolates. Morphological characterization of plaques showed variations in plaque clarity and size, with phage concentrations reaching 108 – 10? PFU mL-1.
The two best candidates were selected: phage BT (Anyer, Banten) and phage LP (originating from Lampung), both of which exhibited relatively stronger lytic activity against V. parahaemolyticus AHPND isolates compared to other phage isolates based on in vitro antagonistic test results.
The third stage is the in vivo evaluation of phage therapy on whiteleg shrimp infected with rifampicin-resistent V. parahaemolyticus (Vp-Rf) isolate S at the LC50 dose. Therapy was applied using a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications, namely negative control (without infection), positive control (infection without phage), phage control (without infection + phage combination), single phage A, single phage B, and phage cocktail A+B (1:1) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. Based on the research results, it was shown that bacteriophages, both in single phage form and as a cocktail, are able to suppress the growth of Vp-Rf in the shrimp digestive tract, especially in the hepatopancreas, which is the target organ for AHPND. In the positive control, the abundance of VpRf in the hepatopancreas reached 5,85 ± 0,38 log CFU g-1 at 24 hours, while in the single phage and phage cocktail treatments, the abundance significantly decreased to approximately 2,57 ± 0,36 (A); 1,24 ± 0,20 (B); 1,50 ± 0,12 (C) log CFU g-1. A similar pattern of decrease was also observed in the intestinal organ, with a sharp decline in Vp-Rf abundance around 24 hours, followed by fluctuations at 48 hours and a decrease again at 72 and 120 hours. Overall, the phage cocktail showed a more stable and consistent pattern of emphasis compared to a single phage. The survival parameter (TKH) strengthens these findings: negative control and phage control had a TKH of 100 ± 0%, positive control only 43,33 ± 5,77%, while single phage therapy A and B each yielded a TKH of 36,67 ± 15,28% and 40 ± 10% with negative relative percent survival (RPS) values (-11,75% and -5,88%). Conversely, the phage cocktail (treatment C) resulted in a TKH of 93,33 ± 11,55% with an RPS of 88.23%, which was not significantly different from negative control and phage control (p > 0,05) and was significantly different from positive control and single phage (p < 0,05).
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