Pengaruh Keterlibatan dan Kelekatan Ayah serta Regulasi Emosi terhadap Kematangan Sosial Anak Usia Sekolah

Abstract

Peningkatan jumlah penduduk Indonesia diprediksi akan mengalami bonus demografi yaitu fenomena peningkatan jumlah penduduk di usia produktif yang dapat menjadi modal bagi pembangunan bangsa. Teori struktural fungsional menyatakan bahwa keluarga berfungsi sebagai lembaga sosialisasi primer yang membentuk kepribadian anak, menanamkan nilai, serta mengembangkan kemampuan sosial dan emosional. Teori kelekatan John Bowlby menyatakan bahwa seorang anak membutuhkan hubungan emosional yang erat dengan pengasuh utama yaitu orang tua untuk menciptakan rasa aman emosional serta kepercayaan pada lingkungan sekitarnya. Peran pengasuhan bukan hanya dilakukan oleh ibu, tetapi juga peran ayah sangat dibutuhkan oleh anak. Ayah yang terlibat dalam mengasuh anak dapat membentuk perkembangan yang positif pada anak. Kematangan sosial anak dipengaruhi oleh keterlibatan orang tua, kelekatan orang tua, dan regulasi emosi. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini berfokus pada analisis pengaruh keterlibatan dan kelekatan ayah, serta regulasi emosi terhadap kematangan sosial anak usia sekolah yang masih banyak dilihat dari ibu saja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi karakteristik serta tingkat keterlibatan ayah, kelekatan ayah, regulasi emosi, dan kematangan sosial pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan; (2) menganalisis perbedaannya berdasarkan jenis kelamin; (3) menguji hubungan karakteristik responden dengan keterlibatan ayah, kelekatan ayah, regulasi emosi, dan kematangan sosial; (4) menganalisis pengaruh keterlibatan ayah, kelekatan ayah, dan regulasi emosi terhadap kematangan sosial. Lokasi penelitian berada di kawasan Muara Angke, Kecamatan Penjaringan, Kota Jakarta Utara mengingat wilayah ini memiliki jumlah penyandang masalah kesejahteraan sosial (PMKS) tertinggi di Jakarta pada tahun 2020. Teknik pengambilan sampel ditentukan dengan menggunakan nonprobability sampling dengan pendekatan purposive sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada 203 siswa usia sekolah dasar. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengisian kuesioner secara self-administered di kelas. Pengolahan data penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Microsoft Excel, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), dan SmartPLS. Analisis dan interpretasi data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif, uji beda t-test, korelasi, dan Structural Equation Model (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata tingkat keterlibatan ayah tergolong rendah pada anak laki-laki maupun perempuan, dan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan di antara keduanya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Rata-rata kelekatan ayah pada anak laki-laki berada pada kategori sedang, dan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan dibandingkan anak perempuan. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas kelekatan ayah dan anak secara umum masih belum optimal. Untuk regulasi emosi pada anak laki-laki berada pada kategori rendah, sedangkan pada anak perempuan berada pada kategori sedang. Namun, tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan antara keduanya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa regulasi emosi yang dimiliki anak masih keterlibatan yang dimiliki ayah masih kurang baik. kurang baik. Terdapat perbedaan rata-rata tingkat kematangan sosial antara anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Anak perempuan memiliki rata-rata kematangan sosial yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak laki-laki, meskipun keduanya masih tergolong dalam kategori rendah. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kematangan sosial anak secara umum masih belum optimal. Oleh karena itu, lingkungan sosial terutama orang tua dan guru perlu berperan aktif dalam mendukung perkembangan kematangan sosial anak. Hasil uji korelasi menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara pendidikan terakhir ayah dan ibu dengan keterlibatan ayah pada anak perempuan. Pada variabel kekelekatan ayah, terdapat hubungan antara pendidikan terakhir ayah dan ibu dengan keterlibatan ayah pada anak perempuan. Di sisi lain, terdapat hubungan antara usia anak (baik laki-laki maupun perempuan) dengan regulasi emosi. Selain itu, usia anak perempuan juga memiliki hubungan dengan tingkat kematangan sosialnya. Hasil uji pengaruh juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh langsung keterlibatan ayah, kelekatan ayah, dan regulasi emosi anak terhadap kematangan sosial anak. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh tidak langsung yaitu keterlibatan ayah berpengaruh terhadap kematangan sosial melalui regulasi emosi anak; keterlibatan ayah berpengaruh terhadap kematangan sosial anak melalui kelekatan ayah dan regulasi emosi anak; keterlibatan ayah berpengaruh terhadap kematangan sosial anak melalui kelekatan ayah; keterlibatan ayah berpengaruh terhadap regulasi emosi anak melalui kelekatan ayah; dan kelekatan ayah berpengaruh terhadap kematangan sosial anak melalui regulasi emosi anak. Keluarga, khususnya ayah, disarankan untuk meningkatkan kualitas keterlibatan dalam pengasuhan secara konsisten dan bermakna melalui hubungan emosional yang hangat, menata ulang praktik pengasuhan agar pengalaman sosial anak laki-laki dan perempuan lebih seimbang, antara lain dengan memberikan tanggung jawab rumah tangga kepada anak laki-laki untuk mendukung perkembangan tanggung jawab sosialnya. Pemerintah melalui BKKBN perlu memperkuat kebijakan pengasuhan berbasis kualitas relasi keluarga dan Program Gerakan Ayah Teladan Indonesia (GATI) perlu diperkuat melalui pendekatan berbasis bukti dengan integrasi modul pelatihan yang menekankan kelekatan ayah, komunikasi empatik, dan pendampingan emosi anak dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mendukung kematangan sosial anak. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat melibatkan sekolah dari berbagai wilayah dan latar belakang keluarga yang berbeda-beda dan menyertakan variabel lain seperti stress pengasuhan dan tekanan ekonomi. Hal ini penting agar hasil penelitian bisa menggambarkan kondisi anak secara lebih luas dan mewakili banyak kelompok masyarakat di Indonesia.

Indonesia's increasing population is predicted to experience a demographic bonus, a phenomenon characterized by an increase in the number of people of productive age, which can be a valuable asset for national development. Structural- functional theory posits that the family serves as the primary socialization institution, shaping a child's personality, instilling values, and developing social and emotional skills. John Bowlby's attachment theory posits that a child requires a close emotional bond with their primary caregiver, typically their parents, to develop a sense of emotional security and trust in their environment. The role of caregiving is not solely the responsibility of the mother; children also need the role of the father. Fathers who are involved in childcare can foster positive development in children. Children's social maturity is influenced by parental involvement, attachment, and emotional regulation. The novelty of this research lies in analyzing the influence of paternal involvement, attachment, and emotional regulation on the social maturity of school-age children, which is often viewed solely from the mother's perspective. This study aims to (1) identify the characteristics and levels of paternal involvement, attachment, emotional regulation, and social maturity in boys and girls; (2) analyze differences based on gender; (3) to examine the relationship between respondent characteristics and paternal involvement, paternal attachment, emotional regulation, and social maturity; (4) to analyze the influence of paternal involvement, paternal attachment, and emotional regulation on social maturity. The research location was in the Muara Angke area, Penjaringan District, North Jakarta City, given that this area had the highest number of people with social welfare problems in Jakarta in 2020. The sampling technique employed was a non- probability sampling approach with a purposive sampling method. Sampling was conducted among 203 elementary school-aged students. Data collection was conducted by completing a self-administered questionnaire in class. Data processing for this study was carried out using Microsoft Excel, the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and SmartPLS software. Data analysis and interpretation were conducted using descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlations, and Structural Equation Models (SEM). The results showed that the average level of paternal involvement was low for both boys and girls, with no significant difference between the two. This suggests that fathers' involvement remains inadequate. The average father's attachment to boys was moderate, with no significant differences compared to girls. These findings indicate that the quality of father-child attachment is generally suboptimal. Boys' emotional regulation was low, while girls' was moderate. However, no significant differences were found between the two. This suggests that children's emotional regulation remains inadequate. There was a difference in the average level of social maturity between boys and girls. Girls had a higher average social maturity than boys, although both were still in the low category. These findings indicate that children's social maturity is generally suboptimal. Therefore, the social environment, especially parents and teachers, needs to play an active role in supporting the development of children's social maturity. Correlation tests indicate a relationship between the highest level of education of both fathers and mothers and the father's involvement with their daughters. For the paternal attachment variable, a relationship was found between the highest level of education of both fathers and mothers and their involvement with their daughters. On the other hand, there is a relationship between the age of children (both boys and girls) and emotional regulation. Furthermore, the age of girls is also related to their level of social maturity. The results of the influence test also indicate a direct influence of father involvement, father attachment, and children's emotional regulation on children's social maturity. Furthermore, there is an indirect influence: father involvement influences social maturity through children's emotional regulation; father involvement influences children's social maturity through father attachment and children's emotional regulation; father involvement influences children's social maturity through father attachment; father involvement influences children's emotional regulation through father attachment; and father attachment influences children's social maturity through children's emotional regulation. Fathers are advised to consistently and meaningfully increase their involvement in parenting through warm, responsive, and supportive emotional relationships, so that children feel safe communicating, sharing experiences, and seeking advice when facing challenges. Parents also need to restructure their parenting practices to provide a more balanced social experience for boys and girls, including by assigning structured household responsibilities or chores to support boys' development of social responsibility. Families, especially fathers, are advised to consistently and meaningfully improve their parenting involvement through warm, emotional relationships and reorganize their parenting practices to ensure a more balanced social experience for boys and girls. This can be achieved by assigning household responsibilities to boys to support their development of social responsibility. The government, through the National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN), needs to strengthen parenting policies based on the quality of family relationships. Gerakan Ayah Teladan Indonesia (GATI) or The Indonesian Exemplary Father Movement program needs to be strengthened through an evidence-based approach that integrates training modules emphasizing paternal attachment, empathetic communication, and emotional support for children in everyday life, thereby supporting their social maturity. Future research is expected to involve schools from various regions and diverse family backgrounds, and to include other variables such as parenting stress and economic pressure. This is important so that research results can describe children's conditions more comprehensively and represent a broader range of community groups in Indonesia.