Valuasi Jasa Ekosistem Mangrove Dengan Pendekatan Social-Ecological System (SES): Studi Kasus Pulau Tanakeke, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

Abstract

Mangrove merupakan ekosistem pesisir kunci yang, bersama terumbu karang dan lamun, menyediakan beragam jasa dan fungsi ekologis penting. Jasa ekosistem didefinisikan sebagai manfaat yang diperoleh manusia dari suatu ekosistem. Berdasarkan klasifikasi MEA, jasa tersebut terbagi menjadi empat kategori: pengaturan (regulating), pendukung (supporting), penyedia (provisioning), dan budaya (cultural). Secara spesifik, ekosistem mangrove berfungsi sebagai sumber daya perikanan dan kayu (provisioning), penyimpan karbon dan pelindung fisik pantai (regulating), habitat bagi biota akuatik (supporting), serta sarana rekreasi dan spiritual (cultural). Ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Tanakeke, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, memiliki peran strategis dalam mendukung keberlanjutan ekologi serta kehidupan sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir. Namun, tingginya ketergantungan masyarakat terhadap mangrove, terutama untuk perikanan tangkap, budidaya, dan pemanfaatan kayu, telah mendorong tekanan pemanfaatan yang berlebihan dan berkontribusi terhadap penurunan luasan mangrove secara signifikan. Kondisi ini menuntut pendekatan pengelolaan yang tidak hanya menilai nilai ekonomi mangrove, tetapi juga memahami keterkaitan dan dinamika antara sistem sosial dan sistem ekologi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi nilai valuasi jasa ekosistem mangrove dengan pendekatan Social-Ecological System (SES) sebagai dasar perumusan pengelolaan mangrove berkelanjutan di Pulau Tanakeke. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Minasa Baji, Pulau Tanakeke, pada bulan September–November 2024 dengan pendekatan campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Analisis konektivitas sistem sosial-ekologi dilakukan menggunakan Social Ecological Network Analysis (SENA) untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan dan peran aktor, sumber daya, serta tata kelola dalam pemanfaatan mangrove. Identifikasi dan estimasi nilai jasa ekosistem mangrove dilakukan menggunakan Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES), sedangkan pemetaan hubungan antara penyedia dan penerima manfaat jasa ekosistem dilakukan dengan pendekatan Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Services Beneficiaries Providers (CMES-BP). Data diperoleh melalui observasi lapangan, pengukuran ekologi, wawancara mendalam, dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Penyusunan rekomendasi pengelolaan dilakukan secara partisipatif menggunakan Socio Ecological Systems App for Mental Model Elicitation (SESAMME) melalui pemodelan causal loop diagram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan mangrove di Pulau Tanakeke membentuk sistem sosial-ekologi yang kompleks dengan keterkaitan kuat antara resource system, resource unit, resource actors, dan resource governance. Aktor lokal, khususnya nelayan, petambak, dan pelaku usaha arang, memiliki peran dominan dalam pemanfaatan mangrove, sementara peran kelembagaan dalam pengawasan dan pengendalian pemanfaatan masih terbatas. Valuasi jasa ekosistem menunjukkan bahwa Provisioning Ecosystem Services (PES) merupakan kontributor nilai ekonomi terbesar, terutama dari perikanan tangkap, budidaya, dan kayu mangrove. Selain itu, mangrove juga menyediakan Regulating Ecosystem Services (RES) yang penting, seperti penyimpanan karbon, fungsi nursery ground, dan pengaturan nutrien, meskipun manfaatnya belum sepenuhnya terinternalisasi dalam praktik pengelolaan dan pengambilan keputusan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keberlanjutan ekosistem mangrove di Pulau Tanakeke hanya dapat dicapai melalui pengelolaan yang mengintegrasikan perlindungan ekologi dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat dalam kerangka sistem sosial-ekologi. Rekomendasi pengelolaan diarahkan pada penguatan pengelolaan mangrove berbasis masyarakat, pengembangan alternatif mata pencaharian yang berkelanjutan, serta penerapan kebijakan pengelolaan yang adaptif dan partisipatif. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi berupa kerangka valuasi jasa ekosistem mangrove berbasis SES yang dapat digunakan sebagai dasar perencanaan dan pengambilan kebijakan pengelolaan mangrove di pulau-pulau kecil.

Mangroves are key coastal ecosystems which, together with coral reefs and seagrass beds, provide a variety of important ecological services and functions. Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits that humans obtain from an ecosystem. Based on the MEA classification, these services are divided into four categories: regulating, supporting, provisioning, and cultural. Specifically, mangrove ecosystems function as a source of fisheries and timber (provisioning), carbon storage and physical protection for the coast (regulating), habitat for aquatic biota (supporting), and a means of recreation and spirituality (cultural). The mangrove ecosystem on Tanakeke Island, South Sulawesi Province, plays a strategic role in supporting ecological sustainability and the social and economic life of coastal communities. However, the high dependence of the community on mangroves, especially for capture fisheries, aquaculture, and timber utilization, has led to excessive exploitation and contributed to a significant decline in mangrove area. This situation requires a management approach that not only assesses the economic value of mangroves but also understands the interrelationships and dynamics between social and ecological systems. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the value of mangrove ecosystem services using the Social-Ecological System (SES) approach as a basis for formulating sustainable mangrove management on Tanakeke Island. This research was conducted in Minasa Baji Village, Tanakeke Island, from September to November 2024 using a mixed-methods approach that integrates quantitative and qualitative analyses. The connectivity of the social-ecological system was examined using Social-Ecological Network Analysis (SENA) to identify relationships among actors, resources, and governance structures involved in mangrove utilization. The identification and valuation of mangrove ecosystem services were carried out using the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES), while the relationships between ecosystem service providers and beneficiaries were mapped using the Community-based Mangrove Ecosystem Services Beneficiaries Providers (CMES-BP) framework. Data were collected through field observations, ecological measurements, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Management recommendations were developed through a participatory approach using the Socio-Ecological Systems App for Mental Model Elicitation (SESAMME), supported by causal loop diagram modeling. The results indicate that mangrove utilization on Tanakeke Island forms a complex social-ecological system characterized by strong interactions among the resource system, resource units, resource actors, and resource governance. Local actors particularly fishers, aquaculture farmers, and charcoal producers play a dominant role in mangrove use, while institutional capacity for monitoring and controlling resource exploitation remains limited. The valuation results show that provisioning services contribute the largest share of economic value, primarily derived from capture fisheries, aquaculture, and mangrove wood. In addition, mangrove ecosystems provide important regulating services, such as carbon storage, nursery ground functions, and nutrient regulation, although these benefits have not yet been fully internalized in management practices and decision-making processes. This study concludes that the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems on Tanakeke Island can only be achieved through management strategies that integrate ecological conservation with the improvement of community well-being within a social-ecological system framework. Management recommendations emphasize strengthening community-based mangrove management, developing sustainable alternative livelihoods, and implementing adaptive and participatory management policies. This research contributes an integrated SES-based framework for mangrove ecosystem services valuation that can serve as a scientific basis for planning and policymaking in mangrove management, particularly in small island contexts.