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      Rancang Bangun Instrumen Sonar Aktif dan Perangkat Lunaknya Untuk Mengukur Nilai Target strength Ikan

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      Date
      2025
      Author
      Ilham, Muhammad
      Manik, Henry Munandar
      Rahmat, Ayi
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      Abstract
      Sonar aktif memiliki peran strategis dalam penelitian ilmiah dan pengembangan teknologi maritim sipil. Selain menghasilkan citra bawah air yang akurat, sonar aktif juga memungkinkan estimasi parameter penting seperti target strength, jarak jangkauan (range), dan arah pantulan, yang sangat penting untuk klasifikasi objek dan pemetaan dasar laut. Penelitian dan pengembangan sistem sonar aktif yang terjangkau dan adaptif akan memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam menciptakan alat deteksi bawah air yang ekonomis, sekaligus memperkuat kemandirian teknologi maritim nasional secara berkelanjutan. Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada perancangan dan pengujian sistem sonar aktif, mulai dari desain transduser, sistem pemancar dan penerima, hingga pengolahan sinyal echo secara digital, yang diharapkan mampu mendeteksi target strength dalam lingkungan terkontrol dan menjadi dasar pengembangan sistem sonar aktif yang lebih kompleks di masa depan. Perangkat keras sonar aktif yang dikembangkan dibagi menjadi tiga komponen utama yaitu transduser, transmitter dan receiver. Transduser berfungsi mengubah energi listrik menjadi gelombang akustik (saat transmisi) dan sebaliknya (saat penerimaan). Transmitter menghasilkan sinyal akustik yang dikirimkan ke lingkungan, sedangkan receiver menangkap pantulan sinyal dari objek di sekitar. Efektivitas sistem sonar sangat bergantung pada desain dan integrasi ketiga komponen tersebut, sedangkan sistem perangkat lunak yang dikembagkang yaitu pembuatan simulasi tranduser, pembuatan program pembangkit sinyal, Time Very Gain (TVG) amplifier, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) sampling, dan pengolahan data menggunakan Matlab. Pengujian laboratoriun dilakukan untuk memproleh hasil kemampuan dari tranduser, kalibrasi bola sphare, dan pengambilan data target strength beberapa jenis ikan. Hasil pengujian sisten sonar aktif rakitan sendiri memproleh respons frekuensi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan sistem sonar aktif untuk aplikasi deteksi bawah air dengan frekuensi kerja 70 kHz, sudut pancaran 38,18 , Direktivity Indeks sebesar 14,63 dB, dan hasil pengukuran source level sebesar 188,70 dB. Pengujian kalibrasi dengan bola sphere dengan ukuran 38 mm menunjukkan target strength sebesar -41,02 dB, mendekati nilai teoritis. Nilai Echo Intensity dan Echo Level masing-masing sebesar 147,66 dB dan 147,64 dB, mengindikasikan bahwa sistem bekerja akurat dan efisien dalam mendeteksi objek bawah air, kemudian pada pengujian menggunakan objek ikan digunakan dua jenis ikan dengan masingmasing ukuran yang bebeda, ikan nila menggunakan ukuran 15 cm dan 20 cm sedangankan ikan gabus menggunakan ukuran 15 cm dan 20 cm. Teknik pengukuran dilakukan dengan mengukur tiga orientasi yang berbeada yaitu bagian atas, bawah dan samping ikan. Hasil pengukuran ikan nila didapatkan nilai target strength sebesar -47,6 dB sampai -43,5 dB, sedangkan ikan gabus didapatkan nilai target strength sebesar -48,1 dB sampai -43,2 dB.
       
      Active sonar plays a strategic role in scientific research and civil maritime technology development. In addition to producing accurate underwater images, active sonar also enables the estimation of important parameters such as target strength, range, and reflection direction, which are essential for object classification and seabed mapping. Research and development of affordable and adaptive active sonar systems will contribute significantly to the creation of economical underwater detection tools, while strengthening the sustainability of national maritime technology independence. The research focuses on the design and testing of active sonar systems, ranging from transducer design, transmitter and receiver systems, to digital echo signal processing, which is expected to be able to detect target strength in a controlled environment and serve as the basis for the development of more complex active sonar systems in the future. The active sonar hardware developed is divided into three main components, namely the transducer, transmitter, and receiver. The transducer functions to convert electrical energy into acoustic waves (during transmission) and vice versa (during reception). The transmitter produces acoustic signals that are sent to the environment, while the receiver captures the signal reflections from surrounding objects. The effectiveness of the sonar system is highly dependent on the design and integration of these three components, while the software system developed includes the creation of transducer simulations, the creation of signal generation programs, Time Very Gain (TVG) amplifiers, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) sampling, and data processing using Matlab. Laboratory testing was conducted to obtain the results of the transducer's capabilities, sphere ball calibration, and data collection of target strengths of several types of fish. The test results of the self-assembled active sonar system obtained a frequency response that was in accordance with the requirements of the active sonar system for underwater detection applications with an operating frequency of 70 kHz, a beam angle of 38.18 , a Direktivity Indeks of 14.63 dB, and a source level measurement result of 188.70 dB. Calibration testing with a 38 mm sphere showed a target strength of -41.02 dB, which is close to the theoretical value. The echo intensity and echo level values were 147.66 dB and 147.64 dB, respectively, indicating that the system works accurately and efficiently in detecting underwater objects. Then, in the test using fish objects, two types of fish with different sizes were used, namely tilapia with sizes of 15 cm and 20 cm, while gabus fish were used with sizes of 15 cm and 20 cm. The measurement technique was carried out by measuring three different orientations, namely the top, bottom, and side of the fish. The measurement results for tilapia showed a target strength value of -47.6 dB to -43.5 dB, while for snakehead fish, the target strength value was -48.1 dB to 43.2 dB.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171776
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      • MT - Fisheries [3202]

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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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