Rancang Bangun Instrumen Sonar Aktif dan Perangkat Lunaknya Untuk Mengukur Nilai Target strength Ikan
Abstract
Sonar aktif memiliki peran strategis dalam penelitian ilmiah dan
pengembangan teknologi maritim sipil. Selain menghasilkan citra bawah air yang
akurat, sonar aktif juga memungkinkan estimasi parameter penting seperti target
strength, jarak jangkauan (range), dan arah pantulan, yang sangat penting untuk
klasifikasi objek dan pemetaan dasar laut. Penelitian dan pengembangan sistem
sonar aktif yang terjangkau dan adaptif akan memberikan kontribusi signifikan
dalam menciptakan alat deteksi bawah air yang ekonomis, sekaligus memperkuat
kemandirian teknologi maritim nasional secara berkelanjutan. Fokus penelitian
diarahkan pada perancangan dan pengujian sistem sonar aktif, mulai dari desain
transduser, sistem pemancar dan penerima, hingga pengolahan sinyal echo secara
digital, yang diharapkan mampu mendeteksi target strength dalam lingkungan
terkontrol dan menjadi dasar pengembangan sistem sonar aktif yang lebih kompleks
di masa depan.
Perangkat keras sonar aktif yang dikembangkan dibagi menjadi tiga
komponen utama yaitu transduser, transmitter dan receiver. Transduser berfungsi
mengubah energi listrik menjadi gelombang akustik (saat transmisi) dan sebaliknya
(saat penerimaan). Transmitter menghasilkan sinyal akustik yang dikirimkan ke
lingkungan, sedangkan receiver menangkap pantulan sinyal dari objek di sekitar.
Efektivitas sistem sonar sangat bergantung pada desain dan integrasi ketiga
komponen tersebut, sedangkan sistem perangkat lunak yang dikembagkang yaitu
pembuatan simulasi tranduser, pembuatan program pembangkit sinyal, Time Very
Gain (TVG) amplifier, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) sampling, dan
pengolahan data menggunakan Matlab. Pengujian laboratoriun dilakukan untuk
memproleh hasil kemampuan dari tranduser, kalibrasi bola sphare, dan
pengambilan data target strength beberapa jenis ikan.
Hasil pengujian sisten sonar aktif rakitan sendiri memproleh respons
frekuensi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan sistem sonar aktif untuk aplikasi deteksi
bawah air dengan frekuensi kerja 70 kHz, sudut pancaran 38,18
, Direktivity Indeks
sebesar 14,63 dB, dan hasil pengukuran source level sebesar 188,70 dB. Pengujian
kalibrasi dengan bola sphere dengan ukuran 38 mm menunjukkan target strength
sebesar -41,02 dB, mendekati nilai teoritis. Nilai Echo Intensity dan Echo Level
masing-masing sebesar 147,66 dB dan 147,64 dB, mengindikasikan bahwa sistem
bekerja akurat dan efisien dalam mendeteksi objek bawah air, kemudian pada
pengujian menggunakan objek ikan digunakan dua jenis ikan dengan masingmasing
ukuran yang bebeda, ikan nila menggunakan ukuran 15 cm dan 20 cm
sedangankan ikan gabus menggunakan ukuran 15 cm dan 20 cm. Teknik
pengukuran dilakukan dengan mengukur tiga orientasi yang berbeada yaitu bagian
atas, bawah dan samping ikan. Hasil pengukuran ikan nila didapatkan nilai target
strength sebesar -47,6 dB sampai -43,5 dB, sedangkan ikan gabus didapatkan nilai
target strength sebesar -48,1 dB sampai -43,2 dB. Active sonar plays a strategic role in scientific research and civil maritime
technology development. In addition to producing accurate underwater images,
active sonar also enables the estimation of important parameters such as target
strength, range, and reflection direction, which are essential for object classification
and seabed mapping. Research and development of affordable and adaptive active
sonar systems will contribute significantly to the creation of economical underwater
detection tools, while strengthening the sustainability of national maritime
technology independence. The research focuses on the design and testing of active
sonar systems, ranging from transducer design, transmitter and receiver systems, to
digital echo signal processing, which is expected to be able to detect target strength
in a controlled environment and serve as the basis for the development of more
complex active sonar systems in the future.
The active sonar hardware developed is divided into three main components,
namely the transducer, transmitter, and receiver. The transducer functions to
convert electrical energy into acoustic waves (during transmission) and vice versa
(during reception). The transmitter produces acoustic signals that are sent to the
environment, while the receiver captures the signal reflections from surrounding
objects. The effectiveness of the sonar system is highly dependent on the design
and integration of these three components, while the software system developed
includes the creation of transducer simulations, the creation of signal generation
programs, Time Very Gain (TVG) amplifiers, Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
sampling, and data processing using Matlab. Laboratory testing was conducted to
obtain the results of the transducer's capabilities, sphere ball calibration, and data
collection of target strengths of several types of fish.
The test results of the self-assembled active sonar system obtained a
frequency response that was in accordance with the requirements of the active sonar
system for underwater detection applications with an operating frequency of 70
kHz, a beam angle of 38.18
, a Direktivity Indeks of 14.63 dB, and a source level
measurement result of 188.70 dB. Calibration testing with a 38 mm sphere showed
a target strength of -41.02 dB, which is close to the theoretical value. The echo
intensity and echo level values were 147.66 dB and 147.64 dB, respectively,
indicating that the system works accurately and efficiently in detecting underwater
objects. Then, in the test using fish objects, two types of fish with different sizes
were used, namely tilapia with sizes of 15 cm and 20 cm, while gabus fish were
used with sizes of 15 cm and 20 cm. The measurement technique was carried out
by measuring three different orientations, namely the top, bottom, and side of the
fish. The measurement results for tilapia showed a target strength value of -47.6 dB
to -43.5 dB, while for snakehead fish, the target strength value was -48.1 dB to 43.2
dB.
Collections
- MT - Fisheries [3202]
