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      Sebaran dan Variasi Spasio–Temporal Ekosistem Terumbu Karang pada Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Pieh dan Laut di Sekitarnya

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      Date
      2025
      Author
      M, Efi Noferya
      Bengen, Dietriech Geoffrey
      Zamani, Neviaty Putri
      Ismet, Meutia Samira
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      Abstract
      Ekosistem terumbu karang memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung lingkungan pesisir dan laut, berfungsi sebagai pelindung alami garis pantai, penyimpan keanekaragaman hayati, serta penggerak ekonomi melalui perikanan dan pariwisata. Namun, tekanan antropogenik termasuk pencemaran, eksploitasi sumber daya berlebihan, dan perubahan iklim global telah mempercepat degradasi ekosistem ini. Kawasan Konservasi Pulau Pieh, Sumatera Barat, yang menerapkan sistem zonasi tiga tingkat (zona inti, pemanfaatan terbatas, dan rehabilitasi) menghadapi tantangan pengelolaan akibat kondisi lingkungan yang cepat berubah dan meningkatnya aktivitas manusia. Penelitian ini mengkaji distribusi spasial dan temporal kondisi terumbu karang pada periode 2021–2024 dan menilai pengaruh parameter lingkungan suhu, salinitas, pH, dan oksigen terlarut (DO) terhadap kesehatan terumbu karang. Survei komunitas bentik dilakukan dengan metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) menggunakan 50 sampel foto per stasiun. Tutupan karang dan komposisi lifeform dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak Coral Point Count with Excell extensions (CPCe) dengan 30 titik acak per gambar. Data lingkungan diukur secara in–situ, sedangkan hubungan antara parameter kualitas air dan komunitas karang dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA), serta asosiasi komponen bentik terumbu dan komposisi lifeform karang secara spasio–temporal menggunakan Correspondence Analysis (CA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa zona inti secara konsisten memiliki tutupan hard coral (HC) tinggi (>50%) dan didominasi lifeform adaptif seperti coral foliose (CF) dan coral encrusting (CE), yang mencerminkan substrat stabil dan tekanan antropogenik minimal. Sebaliknya, zona pemanfaatan terbatas dan rehabilitasi didominasi oleh komponen bentik toleran dan terdegradasi, seperti dead coral (DC) dan rubble (R), khususnya di lokasi dengan aktivitas manusia yang tinggi. Analisis PCA menunjukkan bahwa pH tinggi (>8) dan DO (>4,5 mg/L) di zona inti berkorelasi dengan tutupan HC yang kuat, sedangkan suhu dan salinitas tinggi disertai pH dan DO rendah di zona pemanfaatan dan rehabilitasi berkorelasi dengan dominasi DC dan penurunan kondisi terumbu.Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa stabilitas substrat dan kualitas air yang optimal merupakan faktor kunci dalam menjaga ketahanan ekosistem terumbu karang terhadap tekanan antropogenik maupun alami. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya strategi konservasi adaptif berbasis bukti, termasuk rehabilitasi aktif (transplantasi karang, pengelolaan alga, dan stabilisasi substrat buatan) serta monitoring spasio–temporal berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografi dan penginderaan jauh untuk meningkatkan respons pengelolaan yang cepat dan berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: komunitas bentik, parameter lingkungan perairan, terumbu karang, zonasi kawasan
       
      Coral reef ecosystems are pivotal in supporting coastal and marine environments, serving as natural shoreline barriers, biodiversity reservoirs, and economic drivers through fisheries and tourism. However, anthropogenic pressures, including pollution, resource overexploitation, and global climate change, have accelerated their degradation. The Pieh Island National Marine Conservation Area, West Sumatra, which applies a three–tier zoning system (core, limited–use, and rehabilitation zones), faces management challenges due to rapidly shifting environmental conditions and increasing human activity. This study investigated the spatial and temporal distribution from 2021 to 2024. It assessed the influence of environmental parameters, temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) on reef health.Benthic community surveys employed the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method with 50 photo samples per station. Coral cover and lifeform composition were analyzed using CPCe software with 30 random points per image. Environmental data were collected in situ, and relationships between water quality parameters and coral assemblages were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). At the same time, spatial–temporal associations were evaluated using Correspondence Analysis (CA).Results reveal that core zones consistently supported high hard coral (HC) cover (>50%) and adaptive lifeforms, such as coral foliose (CF) and coral encrusting (CE), reflecting stable substrates and minimal anthropogenic impact. In contrast, limited–use and rehabilitation zones were dominated by tolerant and degraded benthic components, notably dead coral (DC) and rubble (R), particularly in sites exposed to high human activity. PCA indicated that high pH (>8) and DO (>4.5 mg/L) in core zones correlated with robust HC cover, while elevated temperature and salinity with reduced pH and DO in limited–use and rehabilitation zones corresponded to DC dominance and declining reef condition.These findings underscore substrate stability and optimal water quality are critical for coral reef resilience against anthropogenic and natural pressures. The study highlights the need for adaptive, evidence–based conservation strategies, including active rehabilitation (coral transplantation, algae management, and artificial substrate stabilization) and GIS and remote sensing based spatio–temporal monitoring to enhance responsive and sustainable reef management. Keywords: benthic community, conservation zoning, coral reef, environmental parameters.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171071
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      • MT - Fisheries [3193]

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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
      IPB University Scientific Repository
      UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Institutional Repository
      Universitas Jember Digital Repository