Analisis Daya Saing dan Determinan Ekspor Perhiasan Indonesia ke Negara di Uni Eropa

Abstract

Ekspor perhiasan Indonesia berperan penting dalam mendukung perekonomian nasional, tetapi masih menghadapi tantangan seperti fluktuasi permintaan global dan kebijakan perdagangan negara tujuan. Penelitian ini menganalisis daya saing serta faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor perhiasan Indonesia ke Uni Eropa selama 2014–2023. Metode yang digunakan mencakup Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), X-Model, serta regresi data panel. Hasil RCA menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki daya saing tinggi di Jerman dan Italia, sementara Perancis dan Spanyol masih lemah. Analisis EPD mengidentifikasi Portugal sebagai Rising Star, menunjukkan pertumbuhan ekspor positif. Model regresi panel menunjukkan bahwa GDP negara importir, harga ekspor, dan RCA berpengaruh positif terhadap ekspor perhiasan, sementara nilai tukar riil berpengaruh negatif. Tarif impor tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja ekspor. Temuan ini menekankan perlunya strategi ekspansi yang berfokus pada negara dengan potensi tinggi serta peningkatan daya saing melalui inovasi dan penguatan peran pelaku industri.

Kata Kunci: daya saing, determinan, ekspor, perhiasan, Uni Eropa

Indonesian jewelry exports have an important role in supporting the national economy, but still face challenges such as fluctuations in global demand and trade policies of destination countries. This study analyzes the competitiveness and factors affecting Indonesia's jewelry exports to the European Union during 2014-2023. The methods used include Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), X-Model, and panel data regression. The RCA results show that Indonesia has high competitiveness in Germany and Italy, while France and Spain are still weak. The EPD analysis identified Portugal as Rising Stars, showing positive export growth. The panel regression model shows that importing country GDP, export prices, and RCA have a positive effect on jewelry exports, while the real exchange rate has a negative effect. Import tariffs have no significant effect on export performance. The findings emphasize the need for an expansion strategy that focuses on high potential countries as well as improving competitiveness through innovation and strengthening the role of industry players.

Keywords: competitiveness, determinants, exports, jewelry, European Union