Pengaruh Dukungan Orang Tua, Guru, dan Teman terhadap Efikasi Pengambilan Keputusan Karier melalui Konsep Diri dan Rencana Karier

Abstract

Indonesia akan mengalami bonus demografi dengan komposisi penduduk usia muda yang menjadi kelompok mayoritas. Berdasarkan teori ekologi Bronfrenbrenner’s, mikrosistem menjadi bagian yang paling dekat dan memengaruhi individu secara langsung yang berasal dari lingkungan rumah, sekolah, serta teman. Lingkungan sosial mampu membentuk efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier melalui lingkungan terdekatnya yaitu lingkungan mikrosistem. Efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier dipengaruhi oleh dukungan orang tua, dukungan guru, kelekatan teman sebaya, konsep diri, dan planned happenstance career. Indonesia merupakan negara kedua dengan tingkat pengangguran terbanyak di ASEAN. Apabila pengambilan keputusan berkarier tidak dipersiapkan dengan baik, maka dapat berdampak terhadap pemilihan studi lanjut yang tidak matang dan pemilihan pekerjaan yang tidak sesuai dengan keterampilan dan minat yang mungkin menyebabkan pada kegagalan karier masa depan. Kondisi ini dapat menjadi beban baru bagi negara untuk dapat menyelesaikannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) menganalisis perbedaan karakteristik, tingkat dukungan orang tua, dukungan guru, kelekatan teman sebaya, konsep diri, planned happenstance career, efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier pada siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) dan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK); 2) menganalisis hubungan karakteristik siswa dengan efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier pada siswa SMA dan SMK; dan 3) menganalisis pengaruh dukungan orang tua, dukungan guru, kelekatan teman sebaya, konsep diri, dan planned happenstance career terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier pada siswa SMA dan SMK. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross-sectional study dengan cluster random sampling pada 317 siswa dengan 157 siswa SMA dan 160 siswa SMK. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengisian kuesioner secara self- administered melalui Google Form di kelas. Pengolahan data penelitian dilakukan dengan pengolahan data menggunakan software Microsoft Excel, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), dan SmartPLS. Analisis dan interpretasi data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif, uji beda t-test, korelasi, dan Structural Equation Model (SEM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan kelekatan teman sebaya pada siswa SMA dan SMK. Kelekatan teman sebaya siswa SMA lebih baik daripada SMK. Selain itu, diketahui bahwa rata-rata tingkat dukungan orang tua, dukungan guru, dan kelekatan teman sebaya siswa SMA dan SMK terkategori sedang. Tingkat konsep diri siswa SMA rata-rata terkategori rendah, sedangkan siswa SMK sedang. Planned happenstance career atau kepercayaan terhadap rencana karier siswa siswa SMA dan SMK rata-rata sudah terkategori baik. Selain itu, rata-rata tingkat efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier siswa SMA sudah terkategori baik, sedangkan SMK terkategori sedang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dibutuhkan upaya lebih untuk dapat meningkatkan secara kualitas dan kuantitas dukungan orang tua, dukungan guru, kelekatan teman sebaya, planned happenstance career, konsep diri, dan efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier sehingga dapat terkategori baik seluruhnya. Hasil korelasi menunjukkan bahwa pada siswa SMA terdapat hubungan antara pendidikan terakhir ayah, pendidikan terakhir ibu, dan pendapatan keluarga dengan efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier. Artinya, semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan ayah dan ibu dan semakin tinggi pendapatan keluarga, maka siswa SMA cenderung akan memiliki efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier yang lebih baik. Selain itu, hasil uji korelasi juga menunjukkan bahwa pada siswa SMK terdapat hubungan antara pendidikan terakhir ayah dan pendidikan terakhir ibu terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier. Artinya, semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan ayah dan ibu, maka siswa SMK cenderung akan memiliki efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier yang lebih baik. Hasil analisis SEM menunjukkan bahwa dukungan orang tua, konsep diri, dan planned happenstance career berpengaruh langsung secara positif terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier. Selain itu, terdapat pengaruh tidak langsung yaitu dukungan orang tua berpengaruh terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier melalui konsep diri; dukungan orang tua terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier melalui konsep diri dan planned happenstance career; dukungan orang tua berpengaruh terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier melalui konsep diri dan planned happenstance career; dukungan guru berpengaruh terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier melalui konsep diri dan planned happenstance career; dan kelekatan teman sebaya berpengaruh terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier melalui konsep diri dan planned happenstance career. Saran bagi keluarga yaitu dapat lebih memberikan perhatian lebih kepada anak terkhusus orang tua sehingga anak dapat dibimbing dalam pembentukan efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan kariernya. Edukasi kepada orang tua juga dapat diberikan oleh lingkungan masyarakat yaitu melalui program edukasi parenting yang dapat meningkatkan kepedulian orang tua dalam membentuk efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier. Saran bagi pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Barat, khususnya Dinas Pendidikan agar dapat lebih meningkatkan program atau kegiatan yang bertujuan untuk menciptakan kesadaran pada guru Bimbingan dan Konseling dan siswa terhadap efikasi diri pengambilan keputusan karier sekolah. Saran bagi penelitian selanjutnya yaitu agar dapat menemukan alat ukur yang menggambarkan konsep dan konten dengan lebih sederhana.

Indonesia will experience a demographic bonus with the composition of the young population as the majority group. Based on Bronfrenbrenner's ecological theory, the microsystem is the closest part and directly influences individuals from the home environment, school, and friends. The social environment can shape career decision-making self-efficacy through the closest environment, namely the microsystem environment. Career decision-making self-efficacy is influenced by parental support, teacher support, peer attachment, self-concept, and planned career happenstance. Indonesia is the second country with the highest unemployment rate in ASEAN. If career decision-making is not well prepared, it can impact the selection of immature further studies and the selection of jobs not by skills and interests, which may lead to future career failure. This condition can be a new burden for the country to be able to resolve. This study aims to: 1) analyze the differences in characteristics, levels of parental support, teacher support, peer attachment, self-concept, planned career happenstance, career decision-making self-efficacy in Senior High School (SMA) and Vocational High School (SMK) students; 2) analyzing the relationship between student characteristics and career decision-making self-efficacy in high school and vocational high school students; and 3) analyzing the effect of parental support, teacher support, peer attachment, self-concept, and planned career occurrences on career decision-making self-efficacy in high school and vocational high school students. This study used a cross-sectional study design with cluster random sampling on 317 students, 157 high school students, and 160 vocational high school students. Data was collected by completing a self-administered questionnaire via Google Forms in class. Data was processed using Microsoft Excel software, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), and SmartPLS. Data analysis and interpretation were done using descriptive analysis, t-test difference tests, correlations, and Structural Equation Models (SEM). The results showed differences in peer attachment in high school and vocational high school students. Peer attachment in high school students was better than in vocational high school students. In addition, it is known that the average level of parental support, teacher support, and peer attachment of high school and vocational high school students is categorized as moderate. The level of self- concept of high school students is, on average, categorized as low, while vocational high school students are moderate. Planned happenstance career or confidence in the career plans of high school and vocational high school students is, on average, categorized as good. In addition, the average level of self-efficacy in career decision-making of high school students is categorized as good, while vocational high school students are categorized as moderate. This shows that more efforts are needed to improve the quality and quantity of parental support, teacher support, peer attachment, planned happenstance career, self-concept, and self-efficacy in career decision-making so that they can be categorized as good. The correlation results show that in high school students, there is a relationship between the father's last education, the mother's previous education, and family income with career decision-making self-efficacy. This means that the higher the level of education of the father and mother and the higher the family income, the higher the level of career decision-making self-efficacy of high school students. In addition, the correlation test results also showed that in vocational high school students, there was a relationship between the father's last education and the mother's last education on career decision-making self-efficacy. This means that the higher the father and mother's education level, the more likely vocational high school students will have better career decision-making self-efficacy. The results of the SEM analysis showed that parental support, self-concept, and planned career events directly affected career decision-making self-efficacy. In addition, there was an indirect effect, namely parental support influenced career decision-making self-efficacy through self-concept; parental support for career decision-making self-efficacy through self- concept and planned career events; parental support influenced career decision- making self-efficacy through self-concept and planned career events; teacher support influenced career decision-making self-efficacy through self-concept and planned career events; and peer attachment influenced career decision-making self- efficacy through self-concept and planned career events. Families should pay more attention to children, especially parents, so children can be guided in forming self-efficacy in making career decisions. Education for parents can also be provided by the community, namely through parenting education programs that can increase parental concern in forming self-efficacy in making career decisions. Suggestions for the West Java Provincial Government, especially the Education Office, to improve programs or activities that aim to create awareness among Guidance and Counseling teachers and students regarding self- efficacy in making school career decisions. Suggestions for further research are to be able to find measuring instruments that describe concepts and content more simply.