Pengaruh Proporsi Aplikasi Pupuk Kandang Ayam Terhadap Produksi dan Kadar Terpenoid Paria (Momordica charantia) Varietas Opal F1

Abstract

Paria memiliki rasa pahit dan memiliki banyak metabolit sekunder. Paria mengandung salah satu terpenoid yang bermanfaat sebagai antibakteri, anti radang, antivirus, antifungi, dan insektisida nabati. Pupuk organik digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi buah dan kadar terpenoid pada budidaya organik. Pemenuhan kebutuhan hara pada fase vegetatif dan generatif tanaman, diperlukan proporsi pemberian pupuk dasar dan susulan tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan proporsi terbaik pupuk kandang ayam dalam dua kali aplikasi terhadap produksi buah dan kadar terpenoid buah paria varietas Opal F1. Percobaan dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2023–Mei 2024 di Kebun Percobaan Cikarawang, Bogor, Indonesia (6°32'59.0"LS 106°43'42.9"BT). Analisis terpenoid dilakukan di Laboratorium Pusat Studi Biofarmaka Tropika, IPB. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT), 3 ulangan dengan 4 taraf perlakuan, yaitu tanpa penambahan pupuk kandang (kontrol), aplikasi pupuk kandang 100% sebelum tanam, aplikasi pupuk kandang 50 sebelum tanam dan 50% setelah tanam, aplikasi pupuk kandang 70% sebelum tanam dan 30% setelah tanam. Dosis pupuk kandang ayam yang diberikan ke lahan sebesar 30 ton ha-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan pupuk organik dapat meningkatkan jumlah daun, tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, bobot basah dan bobot kering brangkasan dan luas daun. Pemberian pupuk kandang ayam meningkatkan bobot per buah, panjang buah, diameter tengah buah, ketebalan daging buah, edible portion, jumlah buah layak panen per tanaman, jumlah buah layak panen per plot, produktivitas per plot, serta produktivitas ha-1 dibandingkan tanpa pupuk organik. Nilai produktivitas ha-1 dan jumlah buah pertanaman tertinggi pada proporsi pemupukan 70%:30% dengan 24,26 ton ha-1 dan 3,9 buah layak panen per tanaman. Kadar terpenoid antar perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata dan berada pada kisaran 1,82–2,03 mg NE g-1 simplisia dengan nilai terendah pada kontrol, sedangkan produksi terpenoid pada kisaran 160,4–583,3 mg NE 2,25 m-2 dengan nilai terendah pada kontrol.

Bitter melon has a bitter taste and has many secondary metabolites. Thefruit of bitter melon contains terpenoid compounds that are useful as anantibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-fungal and vegetable insecticide.Organic fertilizer is used to increase fruit production and terpenoid levels withorganic cultivation. To fulfill the nutrien demand during the vegetative andgenerative phases of plants, the correct proportion of basic and subsequentfertilizer applications is necessary. This research aims to determine the bestproportion of chicken manure in two applications on fruit production and theterpenoid content of bitter melon fruit Opal F1 variety. The experiment was carriedin December 2023–May 2024 at the Cikarawang experimental Field of IPBUniversity Bogor, Indonesia located at 6°32'59.0"S 106°43'42.9"E. The terpenoidanalysis was conducted at the Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center Laboratory,IPB. The experiment used a randomized complete block design (RCBD), 3replications with 4 treatments levels namely without adding manure (control),100% manure application before planting, 50% manure application beforeplanting and 50% after planting, 70% manure application before planting and 30%after planting. The dose of chicken manure 30 tons ha-1. The research resultsshowed that the addition of chicken manure could increase the leaf numbers, plantheight, branch numbers, fresh weight and dry weight of stover and leaf area. Theapplication of chicken manure increases fresh weight per fruit, fruit length, middleand tip diameter of fruit, thickness of fruit flesh, edible portion, number ofharvestable fruit per plant, number of harvestable fruit per plot, yield per plot, andyield per hectare compared to no organic fertilizer. The highest yield and numberof fruits per plant were obtained from 70%:30% with 24,26 tons ha-1 and 3,9marketable fruits per plant. Terpenoid levels among treatments were notsignificantly different, within the range of 1,82–2,03 mg NE g-1 simplisia with thelowest value in the control, while terpenoid production in the range of 160,4–583,3mg NE 2,25 m-2 with the lowest value in the control.