| dc.contributor.advisor | Effendi, Hefni | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Hariyadi, Sigid | |
| dc.contributor.author | Aprilia, Mita | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-07-20T14:05:11Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-07-20T14:05:11Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2023 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/122319 | |
| dc.description.abstract | Keanekaragaman hayati Sungai Ciliwung dari tahun 1910-an mengalami penurunan sebesar 47,1% pada tahun 1930, kemudian menurun kembali mencapai 92,5% pada tahun 2010. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh berbagai fenomena alam dan kegiatan antropogenik, seperti perubahan iklim, degradasi habitat, pencemaran, eksploitasi berlebihan, serta masuknya spesies asing invasif ke Sungai Ciliwung. Perkembangan teknologi mendorong munculnya pembaruan guna memudahkan kajian penelitian. DNA lingkungan atau yang disebut dengan environmental DNA (eDNA) merupakan metode terbaru yang bisa diaplikasikan. eDNA bersumber dari materi genetik yang terdegradasi di lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis komposisi dan kelimpahan makhluk hidup akuatik berdasarkan aplikasi eDNA serta menentukan status ekologis Sungai Ciliwung.
Pengambilan sampel eDNA dikumpulkan pada bulan Juli 2022 dari 3 titik pengamatan, sedangkan pengamatan kualitas air Sungai Ciliwung segmen DKI Jakarta dilakukan pada bulan Maret, Mei, Agustus, dan September 2022 di 8 titik pengamatan. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui pengambilan sampel air secara langsung di lapangan hingga identifikasi molekuler sampel di laboratorium. Sampel untuk analisis molekuler diambil dari tiga stasiun dengan masing-masing tiga kali ulangan, sehingga terdapat total sembilan sampel air. Data sekunder yang digunakan bersumber dari Laporan Pemantauan Kualitas Lingkungan Air Sungai Provinsi DKI Jakarta Tahun 2022 dan data curah hujan dari Stasiun Meteorologi Kemayoran, Jakarta Pusat, tahun 2022.
Sampel air sungai untuk analisis eDNA diambil pada kolom air teratas. Sampel air divakum menggunakan pompa peristaltik dan disaring dengan kertas saring berdiameter pori 0,45 µm. Kertas saring ditempatkan dalam cryotube berukuran 2 mL yang telah diisi dengan ± 1 mL cairan DNA/RNA Shield. DNA yang tertahan pada setiap kertas saring diekstraksi menggunakan kit ekstraksi DNA gSYNC (Geneaid Biotech Ltd, Taiwan) sesuai protokol pabrik. Amplifikasi DNA dilakukan menggunakan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dengan primer forward mlCOIintF dan primer reverse jgHCO2198. Semua produk PCR yang berkualitas baik berdasarkan tahap elektroforesis melanjutkan PCR kedua untuk pengindeksan. Analisis data yang dilakukan meliputi analisis bioinformatik, komposisi, kelimpahan relatif, perbandingan kehadiran, kontribusi, spesies penciri stasiun, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks dominansi, dan tingkat pencemaran Sungai Ciliwung segmen DKI Jakarta.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari sampel yang diamati terbaca sebanyak 5.889 Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) yang terdiri dari 5.635 OTU tidak teridentifikasi dan 254 OTU teridentifikasi hingga tingkat spesies. OTU yang teridentifikasi mencakup 25.732 reads sequence, dengan 19.126 reads merupakan makhluk hidup akuatik (fitoplankton, zooplankton, bentos, serta nekton). Urutan pembacaan DNA (reads sequence) terdiri atas 10.180 reads fitoplankton, 7.315 reads zooplankton, 1.499 reads bentos, dan 132 reads nekton. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa pengayaan basis data genetika perlu dilakukan guna mengurangi banyaknya biota yang tidak teridentifikasi. Selain itu, metode konvensional juga masih dibutuhkan untuk melengkapi hasil analisis eDNA.
Komposisi fitoplankton yang teridentifikasi terdiri atas 6 filum, 9 kelas, 13 ordo, 15 famili, 16 genus, dan 22 spesies. Komposisi zooplankton terdiri atas 3 filum, 4 kelas, 7 ordo, 10 famili, 12 genus, dan 15 spesies. Komposisi bentos terdiri atas 10 filum, 13 kelas, 21 ordo, 25 famili, 27 genus, dan 27 spesies. Komposisi nekton terdiri atas 1 filum, 1 kelas, 8 ordo, 10 famili, 10 genus, dan 13 spesies. Proporsi taksa pada tingkat famili yang paling banyak ditemukan dari kelompok fitoplankton, zooplankton, bentos, dan nekton berturut-turut yaitu Thalassiosiraceae (kelas Mediophyceae), Paracalanidae (kelas Copepoda), Siboglinidae (kelas Polychaeta), dan Cichlidae (kelas Actinopterygii). Berdasarkan uji statistik ANOSIM dan PERMANOVA, kelimpahan relatif bentos antarstasiun berbeda signifikan (p ≤ 0,05), sedangkan kelimpahan relatif kelompok fitoplankton, zooplankton, dan nekton antarstasiun tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p > 0,05).
Sebagian besar spesies penciri dari seluruh stasiun merupakan spesies yang toleran terhadap kondisi lingkungan perairan yang berfluktuasi. Hal tersebut terkait dengan tingkat pencemaran Sungai Ciliwung hilir yang didominasi kategori cemar sedang hingga berat berdasarkan Indeks Pencemaran (IP). Tingkat keanekaragaman fitoplankton berada pada kategori rendah hingga sedang berdasarkan indeks Shannon-Wiener (H’) dan tergolong dominansi rendah hingga tinggi berdasarkan indeks Simpson (D). Upaya pengendalian pencemaran yang dapat direkomendasikan yaitu sosialisasi dan pelatihan tentang pentingnya pengelolaan limbah, peningkatan pengawasan terhadap pembuangan limbah dari industri sekitar, serta penertiban saluran pembuangan dari perumahan menuju Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) komunal. | id |
| dc.description.abstract | The biodiversity of the Ciliwung River from the 1910s decreased by 47.1% in 1930, then decreased again to 92.5% in 2010. Various natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities, such as climate change, habitat degradation, pollution, over-exploitation, and the entry of invasive alien species into the Ciliwung River caused these biodiversity losses. Technological developments encourage the emergence of updates to facilitate research studies. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the newest method that can be applied. eDNA is sourced from genetic material that is degraded in the environment. This study aims to analyze the composition and abundance of aquatic organisms based on eDNA and determine the Ciliwung River's ecological status.
eDNA sampling was collected in July 2022 from 3 observation points, while observations of the water quality of the lower Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta, were carried out in March, May, August, and September 2022 at 8 observation points. Primary data was collected through direct water sampling in the field for molecular identification of samples in the laboratory. Samples for molecular analysis were taken from 3 sites with three replications each, so there were 9 water samples. The secondary data comes from the River Water Environmental Quality Monitoring Report of DKI Jakarta in 2022 and rainfall data from the Kemayoran Meteorological Station, Central Jakarta, in 2022.
River water samples for eDNA analysis were taken from the top of the water column. Water samples were vacuumed using a peristaltic pump and filtered through filter paper with a pore diameter of 0.45 µm. The filter paper is placed in a 2 mL cryotube filled with ± 1 mL DNA/RNA Shield liquid. DNA retained on each filter paper was extracted using the gSYNC DNA extraction kit (Geneaid Biotech Ltd, Taiwan) according to the manufacturer's protocol. DNA was amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique with the forward mlCOIintF and the reverse primer jgHCO2198. All good quality PCR products based on the electrophoresis step proceed to the second PCR for indexing. Data analysis included bioinformatic analysis, composition, relative abundance, comparison of presence, contribution, site characterizing species, diversity index, dominance index, and pollution level of the lower Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta.
The results showed that 5,889 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were read from the samples observed, consisting of 5,635 unidentified OTUs and 254 identified OTUs down to the species level. The identified OTUs included 25,732 sequence reads, with 19,126 reads representing aquatic organisms (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, and nekton). The DNA reading sequence consisted of 10,180 phytoplankton reads, 7,315 zooplankton reads, 1,499 benthos reads, and 132 nekton reads. This study's results confirm that genetic database enrichment needs to be done to reduce the number of unidentified biota. In addition, conventional methods are still needed to complete the results of eDNA analysis.
The composition of the identified phytoplankton consists of 6 phyla, 9 classes, 13 orders, 15 families, 16 genera, and 22 species. The zooplankton composition consists of 3 phyla, 4 classes, 7 orders, 10 families, 12 genera, and 15 species. The composition of the benthos consists of 10 phyla, 13 classes, 21 orders, 25 families, 27 genera and 27 species. The composition of the nekton consists of 1 phylum, 1 class, 8 orders, 10 families, 10 genera, and 13 species. The proportion of taxa at the family level that was most commonly found from the phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic, and nekton groups, namely Thalassiosiraceae (Mediophyceae class), Paracalanidae (Copepoda class), Siboglinidae (Polychaeta class), and Cichlidae (kelas Actinopterygii). Based on the ANOSIM and PERMANOVA statistical tests, the benthos relative abundances significantly differed between sites (p ≤ 0.05). In contrast, the relative abundances of phytoplankton, zooplankton and nekton groups between sites did not show significant differences (p > 0.05).
Most characterizing species from all sites are tolerant of fluctuating aquatic environmental conditions. This is related to the pollution level of the lower Ciliwung River, which is dominated by moderate to severely polluted categories based on the Pollution Index (PI). As a result, the phytoplankton diversity is in the low to medium category based on the Shannon-Wiener index (H') and low to high dominance based on the Simpson index (D). Pollution control efforts that can be recommended are socialization and training on the importance of waste management, increased supervision of waste disposal from surrounding industries, and control of sewerage from housing to the communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). | id |
| dc.description.sponsorship | Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia melalui skema Penelitian Dasar Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi (PDUPT) (Surat Keputusan No. 082/E5/PG.02.00.PT/2022 dan Perjanjian/Kontrak No. 3758/IT3.L1/PT.01.03/P/B/2022) | id |
| dc.language.iso | id | id |
| dc.publisher | IPB University | id |
| dc.title | Keanekaragaman Hayati Akuatik Berdasarkan Aplikasi DNA Lingkungan dan Tingkat Pencemaran Sungai Ciliwung Hilir, DKI Jakarta | id |
| dc.title.alternative | Aquatic Biodiversity Based on Environmental DNA Application and Pollution Level of the Lower Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta | id |
| dc.type | Thesis | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | eDNA | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | keanekaragaman | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | kolom air | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | pencemaran | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | sungai | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | biodiversity | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | eDNA | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | pollution | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | river | id |
| dc.subject.keyword | water column | id |