Analisis Struktur Anatomi, Struktur Sekretori dan Uji Histokimia Tanaman Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina Linn. )

Abstract

Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai tanaman obat. Hasil studi fitokimia tanaman ini mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, serta akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung di dalam jaringan tanaman pacar air. Metode penelitian meliputi pengamatan anatomi pada sayatan paradermal dan transversal pada bagian daun, tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, analisis struktur sekretori serta analisis histokimia yang meliputi pengujian senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Analisis struktur anatomi menunjukkan stomata terdapat di kedua permukaan daun dengan tipe anomositik. Pembuluh pada tangkai daun terdiri dari tiga berkas. Pigmen antosianin dijumpai pada epidermis dan korteks tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, serta terdapat kristal kalsium oksalat di seluruh bagian tanaman. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan pada tumbuhan pacar air berupa sel idioblas dan trikoma uniseriat. Uji histokimia menunjukkan bahwa semua organ pada tanaman ini mengakumulasi senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada helai daun terletak pada sel idioblas di jaringan mesofil, sedangkan pada tangkai daun terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, korteks, dan trikoma uniseriat. Metabolit sekunder pada batang dan akar terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis dan korteks.

Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) is used by society as a medicinal plant. Phytochemical studies indicated that this plant contains secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical, secretory structure, and accumulation site of secondary metabolite compounds in this plant tissues. The method consisted of anatomical observations on paradermal and transverse sections of leaves, petioles, stems, and roots, analysis of secretory structures, and histochemical analysis which included testing for phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids compounds. Anatomical structure analysis showed that stomata were found on both leaf surfaces with anomocytic type. Vessels on the petiole consist of three bundles. Anthocyanin pigments are found in the epidermis and cortex of petioles, stems and roots, and there are calcium oxalate crystals in all parts of the plant. The secretory structures found in this plants are idioblast cells and uniseriate trichomes. Histochemical tests showed that all organs in this plant accumulated phenolic compounds, alkaloids, lipophiles, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in the leaf blade is located in idioblast cells in the mesophyll tissue, while in the petiole it is located in the idioblast cells of the epidermis, cortex, and uniseriate trichomes. Secondary metabolites in stems and roots are located in idioblast cells of the epidermis and cortex.