Kontaminasi Mikroplastik pada Kerang Hijau (Perna viridis) di Perairan Teluk Lampung

Abstract

Penggunaan plastik di dunia semakin meningkat namun di beberapa negara berkembang pengelolaan limbah plastik masih sangat minim. Plastik banyak digunakan pada sektor perikanan, di Teluk Lampung masyarakat pesisir banyak memanfaatkan plastik dan limbah plastik untuk mendukung kegiatan pembesaran kerang hijau (Perna viridis) dan penangkapan ikan. Masifnya penggunaan plastik pada sektor perikanan memberikan kekhawatiran akan tercemarnya lingkungan dan biota oleh plastik terfregmentasi yang menjadi mikroplastik. Mikroplastik tersebar di berbagai kedalaman perairan, hal ini juga dikhawatirkan berdampak pada kerang hijau yang dibesarkan pada kedalaman berbeda. Penelitian mengenai akumulasi mikroplastik pada jaringan kerang hijau sudah banyak diteliti, namun akumulasi mikroplastik di beberapa organ tubuh, seperti pada organ pencernaan dan pernapasan dengan perbedaan kedalaman habitat masih jarang dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kelimpahan dan karateristik mikroplastik di permukaan dan kolom perairan pembesaran kerang hijau, pada kerang hijau dengan kedalaman habitat yang berbeda, serta mengkaji kelimpahan dan karakteristik mikroplastik pada dua sistem organ (insang dan organ pencernaan) kerang hijau Perairan Teluk Lampung yang diambil pada bulan September 2020. Pengambilan sampel perairan menerapkan metode bulk sample mengguunakan botol van dorn dan langsung disaring menggunakan kertas saring Wahtman 0,45 μm. Sebanyak 30 individu kerang hijau diambil dari 2 kedalaman berbeda (dekat permukaan air dan 3 m di bawah permukaan air). Kerang hijau diukur morfometri dan dipisahkan jaringan dari cangkangnya. Destruksi kerang hijau menggunakan KOH 10% dan disaring menggunakan kertas whatman GF 1,6 μm. Karakteristik mikroplastik diamati secara visual dan uji polimer menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi mikroplastik lebih banyak pada permukaan air dan kerang hijau yang hidup pada permukaan air. Nilai korelasi konsentrasi mikroplastik di air dan kerang menunjukkan adanya hubungan korelasi yang positif. Akumulasi mikroplastik baik pada kerang hijau permukaan maupun dan kerang hijau kedalaman paling banyak berada di insang dibandingkan organ pencernaan. Karakteristik mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada air, seluruh jaringan kerang dan organ pencernaan kerang didominasi bentuk fragmen, berwarna biru, dan berukuran <100 μm, namun pada insang didominasi bentuk line berwarna hitam, dan berukuran 151-500 μm. Polimer mikroplastik yang ditemukan yaitu polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET), polyamide (PA), dan poly (acrylonitrile: butadiene) (ABS)

The use of plastic in the world is increasing but in some developing countries the management of plastic waste is still very minimal. Plastics are widely used in the fisheries sector, in Lampung Bay coastal communities use plastic and plastic waste to support Green Mussel (Perna viridis) rearing activities and fishing. The massive use of plastic in the fisheries sector raises concerns about the contamination of the environment and biota by fragmented plastics that turn into microplastics. Microplastics are scattered in various depths of water, this is also feared to have an impact on green mussels raised at different depths. Research on the accumulation of microplastics in green mussel tissue has been widely studied, but the accumulation of microplastics in several organs of the body, such as in the digestive and respiratory organs with different habitat depths is still rarely done. This study aims to examine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics on the surface and water column, in green mussels with different habitat depths, also to examine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in two organ systems (gills and digestive organs) of green mussels in Lampung Bay waters taken in September 2020. Water samples were taken using the bulk sample method using van dorn bottle and directly filtered using 0,45 μm Wahtman filter paper. Total of 30 individual green mussels were taken from two different water depth (surface and 3 m under the surface water where the mussel lived). Green mussels were measured morphometrically and separated by tissue from their shells. Green mussels were destructed using 10% KOH and filtered using 1,6 μm whatman GF paper. Microplastic characteristics were observed visually and polymer test using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the concentration of microplastics was higher on the surface of the water and green mussels that lived on the surface of the water. The correlation value of the concentration of microplastics in water and shellfish shows a positive correlation. The accumulation of microplastics in both surface and deep green mussels was mostly located in the respiratory organs (gills) compared to the digestive organs. Characteristics of microplastics found in water, all shell tissue and digestive organs of mussels are dominated by fragments, blue, and <100 μm in size, but in the gills are dominated by black lines, and 151-500 μm in size. The microplastic polymers found were polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET), polyamide (PA), and poly(acrylonitrile: butadiene) (ABS).