Model Pemanfaatan Kawasan Perairan Rawa Gambut Barito di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara, Kalimantan Selatan
Date
2022-01-31Author
Yunandar
Effendi, Hefni
Widiatmaka
Setiawan, Yudi
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan mendesain model pemanfaatan perikanan, peternakan
itik Alabio dan kerbau rawa di ekosistem rawa gambut Barito Kabupaten Hulu
Sungai Utara Kalimantan Selatan. Tujuan utama ini dicapai melalui tujuan antara
yaitu menganalisis tipologi perairan rawa gambut Barito di musim kemarau,
menganalisis kesesuaian budidaya kerbau rawa, itik Alabio dan culture based
fisheriessecara spasial, merumuskan arahan pengembangan rawa, dan merumuskan
model pemanfaatan inland water rawa gambut Barito pada musim kemarau.
Penelitian ini berlokasi di Kecamatan Danau Panggang, Paminggir, Sungai
Tabukan dan Babirik. Periode pengumpulan data berfokus pada musim kemarau.
Penelitian lapangan telah dilaksanakan pada Maret 2019 sampai Agustus 2019.
Analisis data meliputi analisis tipologi genangan dengan analisis spasial, overlay
dan supervised classification maximum likelihood yang telah diverifikasi dengan
procedur accuracy, overall accuracy dan Kappa dari citra landsat dalam liputan
antara bulan Juni sampai Agustus 1994, 1996, 2013, 2015, 2019. Analisis Multi
Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) kesesuaian perairan berasal dari pembobotan
terhadap semua parameter yang digunakan melalui perbandingan berpasangan dari
hasil para pakar, sebagai bagian dari metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
Peta masing-masing parameter dibangun berdasarkan data analisis sampling
kualitas air dan plankton, data sekunder, peta referensi dan lapangan dengan
weighted overlay. Perumusan arahan prioritas pengembangan wilayah dilakukan
dengan AHP berdasarkan hasil analisis kesesuaian lahan dan kondisi eksisting
dengan nilai uji Consistency Ratio (CR) < 10%. Membangun model pengembangan
perikanan dan peternakan rawa berkelanjutan dengan analisis sistem dinamik
dengan verifikasi uji AME (Absolut Mean Error). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
bahwa metode analisis tipologi kelas genangan permanen menurun, dari 10% di
tahun 1994 hingga 4% di tahun 2019, sedangkan kelas temporer meningkat.
Genangan permanen berada di Tampakang, Pandamaan, sebagian Ambahai dan
Bararawa terutama di bagian belakang. Kelas temporer berlokasi di Palbatu, Sapala
dan Simpang Jenamas, namun pengisian air melalui limpasan Sungai Barito dan anak sungai lainnya selalu tersedia. Dinamika penggunaan lahan di ekosistem
Barito telah berubah signifikan selama 25 tahun. Penyusutan terbesar dialami kelas
vegetasi galam (Melaleuca sp) dari 25% menjadi 2%, sedangkan kelas belukar
rawa, lahan terbuka, pemukiman dan utamanya badan air mengalami peningkatan
luasan 2x dari 14% menjadi 24%. Kegiatan peternakan itik berpotensi
dikembangkan berdasarkan analisis spasial sebesar 53% dan dapat diintegrasi
dengan kegiatan perikanan dan sawah. Potensi budidaya perikanan rawa 7% dari
43.275 hektar, dengan input teknologi dapat dikembangkan sebesar 58%.
Perumusan strategi kebijakan pengembangan produksi ternak itik, kerbau rawa dan
perikanan dengan mensuplai pakan dan pembatasan perikanan tangkap merupakan
upaya yang semestinya disiapkan agar komponen biaya dapat di-optimalkan.
Teknologi pembenihan dan teknik budidaya disiapkan dalam tahapan berikutnya
untuk menciptakan bibit unggul, yang tentunya harus didukung oleh pengembangan
riset. Teknik pemeliharaan secara sinergi antara ikan, padi dan itik merupakan salah
satu solusi dalam efesiensi sumberdaya dan lingkungan. Uji konsistensi dari metode
AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) telah mengkonfirmasi terhadap variabel dari
setiap komponen dan strategi ini layak di-rekomendasikan dalam pengambilan
keputusan untuk pengembangan produksi ternak itik, kerbau rawa dan perikanan
baik secara subsisten maupun modern. Kecenderungan hasil analisis sistem
dinamik dari input terkendali membentuk kurva pertumbuhan positif (positive
growth) yang meningkat mengikuti kurva eksponensial untuk lapangan kerja, nilai
produksi peternakan dan pengupahan, Sementara itu, sumberdaya perikanan baik nilai produksi budidaya dan penangkapan mengalami fenomena growth with
overshoot. Skenario optimis merupakan skenario terbaik dalam pengembangan
perikanan dan peternakan rawa.
Model pemanfaatan rawa melalui pengembangan perikanan dan peternakan
berkelanjutan dibangun dari tiga sub model yaitu ekonomi, lingkungan dan sosial.
Model yang terbangun digunakan untuk mensimulasikan kondisi 10 tahun ke depan
berdasarkan kondisi bussines as usual (eksisting), moderat dan optimis. Pada sub
model sosial di tahun 2030 mampu memfasilitasi 12021 pekerja dengan skenario
optimis. Sub model ekonomi yang terdiri dari upah pekerja membaik terhadap upah
minimum kabupaten Rp3.653.725 menjadi Rp3.999.600 (moderat) dan ditambah
Rp650.000 untuk optimis. Nilai perikanan budidaya diperoleh Rp82.590.178.125
dan nilai produksi peternakan diperoleh Rp47.848.846.375 dari selisih terhadap
BAU dengan skenario optimis di tahun 2030. Skenario optimis di tahun 2030
mampu menyelamatkan sumberdaya perikanan rawa rata-rata sebesar 20 ton.
Model simulasi setiap komponen menunjukkan kecenderungan kurva
pertumbuhan bernilai positif eksponensial, yang terlihat dari komponen tenaga
kerja dan pendapatan yang tidak fragile terhadap dinamika lingkungan dan mampu
bertoleransi. Komponen produksi perikanan tangkap berbeda dengan upah, nilai
produksi perikanan peternakan dan tenaga kerja, dimana trend growth overshoot
yang dialami oleh sumberdaya alam tersebut diakibatkan oleh eksploitasi. Prioritas
pengembangan yaitu itik Alabio dan perikanan, sedangkan kerbau merupakan
investasi jangka panjang. Strategi yang perlu dilakukan dengan polikultur,
upscaling pekerja, diversifikasi pasca panen sehingga terbentuk daerah berdaulat
pangan. This study aims to design a model for the use of culture-based inland water
in the Barito peat swamp ecosystem, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Regency, South
Kalimantan. This main objective was achieved through the following objectives,
namely analyzing the typology of the Barito peat swamp waters in the dry season,
analyzing the suitability of the cultivation of swamp buffalo, Alabio duck and
culture based fisheries spatially, formulating directions for swamp development,
and formulating a model for the use of inland water of the Barito peat swamp in the
dry season. This research is located in the Districts of Lake Panggang, Paminggir,
Sungai Tabukan and Babirik. The data collection period focuses on the dry season.
Field research has been carried out from March 2019 to August 2019. Data analysis
includes inundation typology analysis with spatial analysis, overlay and supervised
classification of maximum likelihood which has been verified with procedures
accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa from landsat imagery in coverage between
June and August 1994, 1996, 2013, 2015, 2019. Multi Criteria Decision Making
(MCDM) analysis of water suitability comes from the weighting of all parameters
used through pairwise comparisons from the results of experts, as part of the
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The map of each parameter is built
based on data from sampling analysis of water quality and plankton, secondary data,
reference and field maps with weighted overlays. The formulation of regional
development priority directions is carried out using AHP based on the results of
land suitability analysis and existing conditions with a Consistency Ratio (CR) <
10% test value. Building a sustainable fishery and swamp husbandry development
model with dynamic system analysis with AME (Absolute Mean Error) test
verification. The results showed that the typological analysis method for the
permanent inundation class decreased, from 10% in 1994 to 4% in 2019, while the
temporary class increased. Permanent inundation is in Tampakang, Pandamaan, parts of Ambahai and Bararawa especially at the rear. Temporary classes are located
in Palbatu, Sapala and Simpang Jenamas, but water recharge through the runoff of the Barito River and other watershead was supplied. The dynamics of land use in
the Barito ecosystem have changed significantly over the past 25 years. The largest
shrinkage experienced by the galam vegetation (Melaleuca sp) from 25% to 2%,
while the class of shrubs, open land, settlements and mainly waterbodies increased
twice from 14% to 24%. Duck farming activities have the potential to be developed
based on spatial analysis about 53% and able to integrated with fishery and rice
field activities. The potential aquaculture of inland fisheries were 7% from 43,275
hectares, with input technology 58%. The formulation of a policy strategy for the
development of duck, swamp buffalo and fishery production by supplying feed and
limiting capture fisheries is an effort that should be prepared so that the cost
component can be optimized. Hatchery technology and cultivation techniques are
prepared in the next stage to create superior seeds which of course, must be
supported by research development. Maintenance techniques in synergy between
fish, rice and ducks is one solution in resource and environmental efficiency. The
consistency test of the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method has been
confirmed the variables of each component and this strategy is suitable to be
recommended in decision making for the development of duck, swamp buffalo and
fisheries production both subsistently and modernly. The tendency of dynamic
system analysis results from controlled inputs to form a positive growth curve that
increases following the exponential curve for employment, livestock production
value and salary. Meanwhile, fishery resources both capture and aquaculture
production values, experience a growth with overshoot phenomenon. The best
scenario is optimistic for develop fisheries and swamp livestock. The utilization model of peatland aquatics through sustainable fisheries and
livestock development were built from three sub-models: the economic,
environmental and social. The model built is used to simulate conditions in the next
10 years based on business as usual (BAU), moderate and optimistic conditions.
The social sub-model in 2030 able to facilitate 12021 labour with an optimistic
scenario. The economic sub model consisting of workers' salary improved from
Upah Minimum Kabupaten of IDR 3,653,725 to IDR 3,999,600 (moderate) and
added IDR 650,000 for optimism. The value of aquaculture is IDR 82,590,178,125
and the livestock value IDR 47.848.846.375 from BAU with an optimistic scenario
in 2030. The optimistic scenario able to guarantee the potential of swamp fisheries
resources with average 20 tons.
The simulation model for each component shows a positive exponential trend
of the growth curve, which can be seen from the components of labor and income
that are not fragile to environmental dynamics and are able to tolerate it. Capture
fisheries production components are different from wages and labor, where the
trend of growth overshoot experienced by natural resources is caused by
exploitation. The development priorities are Alabio ducks and fisheries, while
buffalo is a long-term investment. Strategies that need to be carried out are
polyculture, upscaling of workers, post-harvest diversification so that a food-sovereign area is formed.