Model Pemanfaatan Kawasan Perairan Rawa Gambut Barito di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara, Kalimantan Selatan

Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendesain model pemanfaatan perikanan, peternakan itik Alabio dan kerbau rawa di ekosistem rawa gambut Barito Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Kalimantan Selatan. Tujuan utama ini dicapai melalui tujuan antara yaitu menganalisis tipologi perairan rawa gambut Barito di musim kemarau, menganalisis kesesuaian budidaya kerbau rawa, itik Alabio dan culture based fisheriessecara spasial, merumuskan arahan pengembangan rawa, dan merumuskan model pemanfaatan inland water rawa gambut Barito pada musim kemarau. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Kecamatan Danau Panggang, Paminggir, Sungai Tabukan dan Babirik. Periode pengumpulan data berfokus pada musim kemarau. Penelitian lapangan telah dilaksanakan pada Maret 2019 sampai Agustus 2019. Analisis data meliputi analisis tipologi genangan dengan analisis spasial, overlay dan supervised classification maximum likelihood yang telah diverifikasi dengan procedur accuracy, overall accuracy dan Kappa dari citra landsat dalam liputan antara bulan Juni sampai Agustus 1994, 1996, 2013, 2015, 2019. Analisis Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) kesesuaian perairan berasal dari pembobotan terhadap semua parameter yang digunakan melalui perbandingan berpasangan dari hasil para pakar, sebagai bagian dari metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Peta masing-masing parameter dibangun berdasarkan data analisis sampling kualitas air dan plankton, data sekunder, peta referensi dan lapangan dengan weighted overlay. Perumusan arahan prioritas pengembangan wilayah dilakukan dengan AHP berdasarkan hasil analisis kesesuaian lahan dan kondisi eksisting dengan nilai uji Consistency Ratio (CR) < 10%. Membangun model pengembangan perikanan dan peternakan rawa berkelanjutan dengan analisis sistem dinamik dengan verifikasi uji AME (Absolut Mean Error). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode analisis tipologi kelas genangan permanen menurun, dari 10% di tahun 1994 hingga 4% di tahun 2019, sedangkan kelas temporer meningkat. Genangan permanen berada di Tampakang, Pandamaan, sebagian Ambahai dan Bararawa terutama di bagian belakang. Kelas temporer berlokasi di Palbatu, Sapala dan Simpang Jenamas, namun pengisian air melalui limpasan Sungai Barito dan anak sungai lainnya selalu tersedia. Dinamika penggunaan lahan di ekosistem Barito telah berubah signifikan selama 25 tahun. Penyusutan terbesar dialami kelas vegetasi galam (Melaleuca sp) dari 25% menjadi 2%, sedangkan kelas belukar rawa, lahan terbuka, pemukiman dan utamanya badan air mengalami peningkatan luasan 2x dari 14% menjadi 24%. Kegiatan peternakan itik berpotensi dikembangkan berdasarkan analisis spasial sebesar 53% dan dapat diintegrasi dengan kegiatan perikanan dan sawah. Potensi budidaya perikanan rawa 7% dari 43.275 hektar, dengan input teknologi dapat dikembangkan sebesar 58%. Perumusan strategi kebijakan pengembangan produksi ternak itik, kerbau rawa dan perikanan dengan mensuplai pakan dan pembatasan perikanan tangkap merupakan upaya yang semestinya disiapkan agar komponen biaya dapat di-optimalkan. Teknologi pembenihan dan teknik budidaya disiapkan dalam tahapan berikutnya untuk menciptakan bibit unggul, yang tentunya harus didukung oleh pengembangan riset. Teknik pemeliharaan secara sinergi antara ikan, padi dan itik merupakan salah satu solusi dalam efesiensi sumberdaya dan lingkungan. Uji konsistensi dari metode AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) telah mengkonfirmasi terhadap variabel dari setiap komponen dan strategi ini layak di-rekomendasikan dalam pengambilan keputusan untuk pengembangan produksi ternak itik, kerbau rawa dan perikanan baik secara subsisten maupun modern. Kecenderungan hasil analisis sistem dinamik dari input terkendali membentuk kurva pertumbuhan positif (positive growth) yang meningkat mengikuti kurva eksponensial untuk lapangan kerja, nilai produksi peternakan dan pengupahan, Sementara itu, sumberdaya perikanan baik nilai produksi budidaya dan penangkapan mengalami fenomena growth with overshoot. Skenario optimis merupakan skenario terbaik dalam pengembangan perikanan dan peternakan rawa. Model pemanfaatan rawa melalui pengembangan perikanan dan peternakan berkelanjutan dibangun dari tiga sub model yaitu ekonomi, lingkungan dan sosial. Model yang terbangun digunakan untuk mensimulasikan kondisi 10 tahun ke depan berdasarkan kondisi bussines as usual (eksisting), moderat dan optimis. Pada sub model sosial di tahun 2030 mampu memfasilitasi 12021 pekerja dengan skenario optimis. Sub model ekonomi yang terdiri dari upah pekerja membaik terhadap upah minimum kabupaten Rp3.653.725 menjadi Rp3.999.600 (moderat) dan ditambah Rp650.000 untuk optimis. Nilai perikanan budidaya diperoleh Rp82.590.178.125 dan nilai produksi peternakan diperoleh Rp47.848.846.375 dari selisih terhadap BAU dengan skenario optimis di tahun 2030. Skenario optimis di tahun 2030 mampu menyelamatkan sumberdaya perikanan rawa rata-rata sebesar 20 ton. Model simulasi setiap komponen menunjukkan kecenderungan kurva pertumbuhan bernilai positif eksponensial, yang terlihat dari komponen tenaga kerja dan pendapatan yang tidak fragile terhadap dinamika lingkungan dan mampu bertoleransi. Komponen produksi perikanan tangkap berbeda dengan upah, nilai produksi perikanan peternakan dan tenaga kerja, dimana trend growth overshoot yang dialami oleh sumberdaya alam tersebut diakibatkan oleh eksploitasi. Prioritas pengembangan yaitu itik Alabio dan perikanan, sedangkan kerbau merupakan investasi jangka panjang. Strategi yang perlu dilakukan dengan polikultur, upscaling pekerja, diversifikasi pasca panen sehingga terbentuk daerah berdaulat pangan.

This study aims to design a model for the use of culture-based inland water in the Barito peat swamp ecosystem, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Regency, South Kalimantan. This main objective was achieved through the following objectives, namely analyzing the typology of the Barito peat swamp waters in the dry season, analyzing the suitability of the cultivation of swamp buffalo, Alabio duck and culture based fisheries spatially, formulating directions for swamp development, and formulating a model for the use of inland water of the Barito peat swamp in the dry season. This research is located in the Districts of Lake Panggang, Paminggir, Sungai Tabukan and Babirik. The data collection period focuses on the dry season. Field research has been carried out from March 2019 to August 2019. Data analysis includes inundation typology analysis with spatial analysis, overlay and supervised classification of maximum likelihood which has been verified with procedures accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa from landsat imagery in coverage between June and August 1994, 1996, 2013, 2015, 2019. Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) analysis of water suitability comes from the weighting of all parameters used through pairwise comparisons from the results of experts, as part of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The map of each parameter is built based on data from sampling analysis of water quality and plankton, secondary data, reference and field maps with weighted overlays. The formulation of regional development priority directions is carried out using AHP based on the results of land suitability analysis and existing conditions with a Consistency Ratio (CR) < 10% test value. Building a sustainable fishery and swamp husbandry development model with dynamic system analysis with AME (Absolute Mean Error) test verification. The results showed that the typological analysis method for the permanent inundation class decreased, from 10% in 1994 to 4% in 2019, while the temporary class increased. Permanent inundation is in Tampakang, Pandamaan, parts of Ambahai and Bararawa especially at the rear. Temporary classes are located in Palbatu, Sapala and Simpang Jenamas, but water recharge through the runoff of the Barito River and other watershead was supplied. The dynamics of land use in the Barito ecosystem have changed significantly over the past 25 years. The largest shrinkage experienced by the galam vegetation (Melaleuca sp) from 25% to 2%, while the class of shrubs, open land, settlements and mainly waterbodies increased twice from 14% to 24%. Duck farming activities have the potential to be developed based on spatial analysis about 53% and able to integrated with fishery and rice field activities. The potential aquaculture of inland fisheries were 7% from 43,275 hectares, with input technology 58%. The formulation of a policy strategy for the development of duck, swamp buffalo and fishery production by supplying feed and limiting capture fisheries is an effort that should be prepared so that the cost component can be optimized. Hatchery technology and cultivation techniques are prepared in the next stage to create superior seeds which of course, must be supported by research development. Maintenance techniques in synergy between fish, rice and ducks is one solution in resource and environmental efficiency. The consistency test of the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method has been confirmed the variables of each component and this strategy is suitable to be recommended in decision making for the development of duck, swamp buffalo and fisheries production both subsistently and modernly. The tendency of dynamic system analysis results from controlled inputs to form a positive growth curve that increases following the exponential curve for employment, livestock production value and salary. Meanwhile, fishery resources both capture and aquaculture production values, experience a growth with overshoot phenomenon. The best scenario is optimistic for develop fisheries and swamp livestock. The utilization model of peatland aquatics through sustainable fisheries and livestock development were built from three sub-models: the economic, environmental and social. The model built is used to simulate conditions in the next 10 years based on business as usual (BAU), moderate and optimistic conditions. The social sub-model in 2030 able to facilitate 12021 labour with an optimistic scenario. The economic sub model consisting of workers' salary improved from Upah Minimum Kabupaten of IDR 3,653,725 to IDR 3,999,600 (moderate) and added IDR 650,000 for optimism. The value of aquaculture is IDR 82,590,178,125 and the livestock value IDR 47.848.846.375 from BAU with an optimistic scenario in 2030. The optimistic scenario able to guarantee the potential of swamp fisheries resources with average 20 tons. The simulation model for each component shows a positive exponential trend of the growth curve, which can be seen from the components of labor and income that are not fragile to environmental dynamics and are able to tolerate it. Capture fisheries production components are different from wages and labor, where the trend of growth overshoot experienced by natural resources is caused by exploitation. The development priorities are Alabio ducks and fisheries, while buffalo is a long-term investment. Strategies that need to be carried out are polyculture, upscaling of workers, post-harvest diversification so that a food-sovereign area is formed.