Pengaruh Populasi dan Pemupukan P pada Kedelai Edamame dengan Budidaya Jenuh Air di Lahan Pasang Surut

Abstract

Kedelai edamame memiliki pangsa pasar besar namun produksinya rendah. Tahun 2019 permintaan ekspor kedelai edamame 75.000 ton, namun yang terpenuhi hanya 6,5 % atau 5.000 ton. Hal ini dikarenakan produksi rendah akibat menurunnya areal tanam, yang dipengaruhi kompetisi antar komoditas dan konversi lahan pertanian. Lahan pasang surut menjadi salah satu alternatif peningkatan areal pertanian menggunakan teknik Budidaya Jenuh Air (BJA), namun fosfor (P) di lahan pasang surut rendah. Peningkatan produksi dapat dilakukan dengan pengaturan populasi dan pemupukan seimbang. Oleh karena itu penting dilakukan penelitian pengaruh pemupukan P dan populasi pada kedelai edamame di lahan pasang surut. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah populasi tanaman, yaitu 200.000 dan 400.000 tanaman ha-1, faktor kedua pemupukan P dosis 0 kg P2O5 ha-1, 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 (100 kg TSP ha-1), 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 (200 kg TSP ha-1), dan 138 kg P2O5 ha-1 (300 kg TSP ha-1) diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan populasi 200.000 tanaman ha-1 dan 400.000 tanaman ha-1 tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap daya tumbuh, destruktif, ubinan polong muda, ubinan biji tua, dan bobot 100 biji. Perlakuan pemberian pupuk P berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah daun dan berpengaruh sangat nyata pada hasil ubinan polong muda, maupun biji tua. Interaksi perlakuan populasi dan pemupukan P hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap hasil muda polong hampa. Pemupukan optimal hasil polong muda yaitu dosis 86,67 kg P2O5 ha-1 dengan produktivitas 6,84 ton ha-1. Sedangkan pemupukan optimal hasil biji tua yaitu 88 kg P2O5 ha-1 denganp roduktivitas 2,76 ton ha-1.

Edamame soybean has a large market share but its production is still low. In 2019, the demand for edamame soybean exports was 75,000 tons, but Indonesia was only able to meet 6.5% or 5.000 tons of that amount. This is because production is low due to a decrease in planted area, which is influenced by competition between commodities and conversion of agricultural land. Tidal land is a suboptimum land that can be used as a solution to increase agricultural area using Saturated Soil Culture (SSC) techniques. The obstacle faced is that the phosphorus (P) content in tidal land is quite low. Increased production can be done by setting the population and fertilizing balanced. Therefore, it is important to conduct research on the effect of fertilizing P and population on soybean edamame in tidal land. The study used a two-factor Complete Group Design (RKLT). The first factors are the plant population, which is 200.000 and 400.000 plants ha-1, the second factor is phosphorus dose 0 kg P2O5 ha-1, 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 (100 kg TSP ha-1), 92 kg P2O5 ha- 1 (200 kg TSP ha-1), and 138 kg P2O5 ha-1 (300 kg TSP ha-1) repeated three times. The results showed that the population treatment of 200.000 -1plants and 400.000 - 1plants had no significant effect on growth power, destructive yield and yield components in the form of young pod tiles, old seed tiles, and weight of 100 seeds. The treatment with P fertilizer had a significant effect on the number of leaves and had a very significant effect on the yield of young pods and old seeds. The interaction treatment population and fertilization P had signifant effect on the yield of young empty pods. Optimal fertilization for young pod results was achieved at a dose of 86.67 kg of P2O5 ha-1 productivity of 6.84 tons ha-1. While the optimal fertilization for old seed yields is 88 kg P2O5 ha-1 productivity of 2.76 tons ha-1.