Pola Adaptasi Petani Garam Akibat Pengaruh Perubahan Iklim di Desa Donggobolo Kabupaten Bima

Abstract

Perubahan iklim yang menyebabkan meningkatnya fenomena anomali cuaca menyebabkan banjir maupun kekeringan yang memengaruhi nafkah rumah tangga petani garam. Dampak perubahan iklim meliputi gagal panen, turunnya produksi hingga tidak stabilnya harga garam memengaruhi pendapatan rumah tangga untuk bertahan hidup tahun 2013–2017 di Kabupaten Bima. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan mengkaji kerentanan rumah tangga petani garam, tindakan resiliensi, pola adaptasi, serta merumuskan strategi untuk usaha garam berkelanjutan di Desa Donggobolo Kecamatan Woha Kabupaten Bima akibat perubahan iklim. Metode penilaian kerentanan rumah tangga petani garam pada penelitian ini menggunakan analisis Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), LVIIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), analisis tindakan resiliensi, analisis deskriptif, dan analisis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT). Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan sensus terhadap 81 rumah tangga petani garam di Desa Donggobolo bulan Agustus–September 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga petani garam dari Desa Donggobolo memiliki nilai kerentanan 0,333 dan LVI-IPCC sebesar 0,172. Nilai akhir indeks menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga petani garam lebih cenderung menuju arah kerentanan. Penilaian LVI dan LVI-IPCC meliputi indikator variabilitas iklim, pangan, air, kesehatan, profil sosial dan kependudukan, strategi penghidupan, dan jaringan sosial. Dalam pemenuhan kebutuhannya, petani garam di Desa Donggobolo mengandalkan modal fisik sebagai modal utama pada sektor publik maupun privat. Tindakan self-organisation merupakan tindakan resiliensi dengan nilai tertinggi yang dimiliki rumah tangga petani garam. Faktor kedekatan input sumberdaya ke lahan produksi menjadi kunci indikator reliance on own resources memiliki nilai indikator resiliensi tertinggi. Selain itu, banyaknya rumah tangga petani garam yang memiliki pekerjaan diluar produksi garam menjadikan nilai indikator reciprocity termasuk kedalam kategori tinggi. Berbagai tindakan adaptasi dilakukan rumah tangga petani garam sesuai dengan fenomena iklim yang dihadapi. Pengaturan input jumlah tenaga kerja di tambak garam, pemberhentian produksi, mencari alternatif nafkah, serta adaptasi teknologi dilakukan sebagai bentuk adaptasi rumah tangga. Pengaturan input tenaga kerja umumnya menyesuaikan dengan harga garam di pasaran dimana semakin tinggi harga maka semakin banyak anggota keluarga yang terlibat untuk produksi garam. Pemberhentian kerja dilakukan saat produksi sudah tidak dapat ditampung gudang saat musim kemarau panjang serta saat kondisi frekwensi hujan tinggi yang menyebabkan banjir sehingga pembentukan kristal garam tidak dapat terjadi. Adaptasi teknologi seperti penggunaan plastik geoisolator dan rumah prisma garam masih sulit diterima oleh petani garam karena sulit diterapkan dan harga garam yang dihasilkan tidak berbeda. Kondisi produksi garam yang tidak stabil akibat pengaruh iklim menyebabkan petani garam melakukan kegiatan lainnya untuk pemenuhan nafkah seperti menanam padi, jagung, dan bawang serta melakukan kegiatan diluar bidang pertanian seperti budidaya ikan bandeng. Tindakan adaptasi dilakukan berdasarkan kemampuan dan mempertimbangkan ketersediaan modal untuk menekan dampak negatif perubahan iklim terhadap sumber nafkah. Perumusan strategi berguna untuk mempersiapkan usaha garam yang berkelanjutan baik. Hasil perumusan strategi menunjukkan bahwa faktor eksternal memiliki nilai bobot lebih besar dibandingkan faktor internal dengan perbandingan nilai sebesar 3,572:2,648. Perumusan strategi menunjukkan hasil bahwa penggunaan kombinasi strategi faktor kelemahan-ancaman (WT) menjadi prioritas utama dengan total skor sebesar 4,004. Strategi tersebut meliputi pengendalian kebijakan impor dan penetapan harga dasar garam untuk menjamin terbukanya pasar industri dan jaminan pengendalian kestabilan harga garam .

Climate change which causes an increase in the phenomenon of weather anomalies causes floods and droughts that affect the household income of salt farmers. The impacts of climate change include crop failure, decreased production to unstable salt prices affecting household incomes to survive in 2013–2017 in Bima Regency. This study aims to determine and assess the vulnerability of salt farmer households, resilience measures, adaptation patterns, and formulate strategies for sustainable salt business in Donggobolo Village, Woha District, Bima Regency due to climate change. The method of assessing the vulnerability of salt farmer households in this study used the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), LVI- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), analysis of resilience measures, descriptive analysis, and analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT). Data collection was carried out by means of a census of 81 salt farmer households in Donggobolo Village in August–September 2020. The results showed that the salt farmer household from Donggobolo Village had a vulnerability value of 0.333 and LVI-IPCC of 0.172. The final value of the index shows that salt farmer households are more likely to be in the direction of vulnerability. The LVI and LVI-IPCC assessments include indicators of climate variability, food, water, health, social and population profiles, livelihood strategies, and social networks. In fulfilling their needs, salt farmers in Donggobolo Village rely on physical capital as the main capital in the public and private sectors. Selforganization action is an action of resilience with the highest value owned by salt farmer households. The factor of the proximity of resource inputs to production land is the key indicator of reliance on own resources which has the highest indicator value of resilience. In addition, the large number of salt farming households that have jobs outside of salt production makes the reciprocity indicator value included in the high category. Various adaptation actions are carried out by salt farmer households in accordance with the climatic phenomena they are facing. Setting the input of the number of workers in salt ponds, stopping production, seeking alternative livelihoods, and adapting technology are carried out as a form of household adaptation. The regulation of labor input generally adjusts to the price of salt in the market where the higher the price, the more family members are involved in salt production. The work stoppage is carried out when production cannot be accommodated by the warehouse during the long dry season and when conditions of high rainfall frequency cause flooding so that the formation of salt crystals cannot occur. Adaptation of technology such as the use of plastic geoisolators and prismatic salt houses is still difficult for salt farmers to accept because it is difficult to implement and the price of salt produced is not different. The unstable condition of salt production due to climatic influences causes salt farmers to carry out other activities to fulfill their livelihoods such as planting rice, corn, and onions as well as carrying out activities outside the agricultural sector such as milkfish cultivation. Adaptation actions are carried out based on capacity and considering the availability of capital to reduce the negative impact of climate change on livelihoods. Strategy formulation is useful for preparing a sustainable salt business. The strategy formulation results show that external factors have a more excellent weight value than internal factors with a value ratio of 3,572:2,648. The strategy formulation shows that using a combination of the weakness-threats factor (WT) strategy is the top priority with a total score of 4,004. The strategy includes controlling import policies and setting a base price for salt to ensure industrial markets' openness and guarantee control over salt prices' stability.