| dc.description.abstract | Agricultural trading nowadays is facing the tariff and non tariff barriers. WTO has been set the tariff rate which applied to trade commodities for in entire countries either developed or developing countries. The existence of tariff limitation that already occurred into global trading imposes the country to conduct non-tariff measures (NTM). One of the main point of NTM is the protection of domestic producers facing import competition with foreign products. Utility of NTM that most widely applied NTM is Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The implementation of SPS and TBT are also commonly occurred in Asia. One of the extending regional cooperation is ASEAN +3 which is led by ASEAN countries, China, Japan, and Korea. Indonesia as one of the ASEAN countries which has a huge potential in agricultural sector. Indonesia has a positive balance of trade on horticulture towards ASEAN +3 countries due the positive balance Indonesian export horticulture of the global trading, regardless there are some negative exports trade with others countries which still exist. Furthermore, potential horticulture production is still able to being developed. Thus, it is necessary to exploring the research about impact of NTM for Indonesian horticultural exports towards the ASEAN +3 countries. This research is expected to provides knowledge about trade policy by NTM system. The aim of this study are describing the performance of the export trade of horticultural subsector in Indonesia; describing the application of NTM in the horticultural subsector in the ASEAN +3 countries; analyzing and estimating the impact of the implementation of the NTM on the performance of horticultural exports which is NTM was about SPS and TBT. Horticultural consists of several groups of floriculture/ornamental plants, vegetables, fruits, and medical herbs. The data used in this research is a secondary data with a period of last three years that occurred on 2010-2012 and focused on the Indonesian horticultural exports towards the ASEAN +3 countries. The approach used in this study is a descriptive approach and data analysis with gravity models. Indonesia’s trade balance to ASEAN +3 countries showed deficit for China and Thailand either in the group of vegetable or fruit while other countries (Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philipina, and Singapore) derived surplus. Non tariff measures such as SPS and TBT which is imposed by ASEAN +3 countries have been applying 200 and 43 policies. The country which is not imposing the products NTM horticulture is Singapore. The approach used to measure the amount of NTM in this study is the frequency index and the coverage ratio. In general, for the SPS and TBT as seen from frequency index during the period 2010-2012 at the ASEAN +3 countries have increased, especially with the destination country of China and Malaysia. Country of the most imposing NTM is Malaysia and Singapore the lowest is completely not impose NTM. Based on the coverage ratio of SPS and TBT in each ASEAN +3 shows almost the same value that is equal to 100%. Horticulture group most affected NTM is ornamental plants and vegetables. The results of the analysis of the gravity panel data model showed that the SPS and TBT a negative effect on the export of horticultural products from Indonesia to ASEAN +3 countries. There are several factors that affecting the population of the importing country, GDP per capita of importing countries, economic distance, and NTM (SPS and TBT). NTM and economic distance have a negative effect on the export of horticultural products from Indonesia to ASEAN +3 countries. For SPS and TBT were approached by the two approaches in the model (frequency index and coverage ratio) indicates that the coefficient is not quite large with a negative sign respectively 0.006; 0.003, and 0.006. Policy implications can be suggested in this study is an attempt to meet the requirements/provisions of the SPS and TBT by each country should be mutually supportive. Provisions on SPS and TBT maintained and strengthened by helping each other in implementing and taking advantage of the existing agreements. Further implication is that the government should support the horticultural agribusiness entrepreneurs by providing a more effective dissemination regarding eligibility of SPS and TBT. Finally, the implication that policy makers in relation to the export of horticultural products should consider the characteristics of the SPS and TBT. | en |
