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      Coping and livelihood strategy : its impact toward family functioning and family physical strength on poor farmer family in Blora District

      Strategi coping dan nafkah serta dampaknya terhadap keberfungsian dan ketahanan fisik keluarga petani miskin di Kabupaten Blora

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      Date
      2012
      Author
      W a s i t o
      Sumarwan, Ujang
      Sunarti, Euis
      Dharmawan, Arya Hadi
      Ananto, E. Eko
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      Abstract
      Blora District is characterized by its dry and marginal area, hence water become the main problem of farming as livelihood source – except in the Bengawan Solo watershed area. Consequently, farmer family should perform coping strategies to survive. This research aimed to analyze livelihood strategy and coping strategy of poor farmer family in three agro-ecosystem area; analyze factors affecting coping strategy, social capital base livelihood strategy, family functioning, and family primary needs fulfillment. This research was conducted in rice farm dominant village (7 villages), dryland dominant village (8 villages), and teak forest dominant village (7 villages). The primary data was collected by utilizing structure questionnaire and unstructured (group discussion and in-depth interview) from 2007 until 2008. Data from structure questionnaire was analyzed descriptively and inferentially using Cohran analysis, t-test, ANOVA, multiple regressions analysis, logistic regression analysis, and path analysis. The result showed that economy aspect of coping strategy has performed optimally to fulfill family basic needs and statistically different among samples from three different agro-ecosystem areas (as the consequence of the difference in characteristics, potency, and economic resource). On the other hand, social aspect of coping strategy has not optimally performed yet and statistically indifferent among samples from three different agro-ecosystem areas (social economic stratification was not found in the location of the research). Factors affecting coping strategy are education, family size, and family attitude at meso level; while social capital base livelihood strategy was affected by education and family size; family functioning was affected by family size and coping strategy; and family basic needs fulfillment was influenced by family attitude at meso level and family functioning. Path analysis revealed that family basic need fulfillment was directly affected by family function and family attitude at meso level, also indirectly affected by coping strategy, social capital base livelihood strategy, family size, and education of family breadwinner.
       
      Kemiskinan merupakan permasalahan sosial ekonomi utama di Indonesia. Sebagian besar penduduk miskin tinggal di pedesaan, serta lebih banyak dijumpai di wilayah lahan kering, seperti Kabupaten Blora. Strategi coping dan strategi nafkah menjadi cara bagi keluarga petani miskin di Kabupaten Blora untuk tetap bisa memenuhi kebutuhan pokok keluarga sehingga keberfungsian dan ketahanan fisik keluarga dapat dijaga. Secara spesifik, tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis dan membandingkan strategi nafkah dan strategi coping keluarga petani miskin berdasarkan zona agro ekosistem (desa dominan lahan sawah, lahan kering, kawasan hutan jati). Selain itu, menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik keluarga, sikap terhadap lingkungan sosial ekonomi dan ekologi (meso), serta sikap terhadap dukungan sosial ekonomi dan kebijakan (makro) terhadap strategi coping dan strategi nafkah berbasis modal sosial. Menganalisis pengaruh strategi coping, nafkah berbasis modal sosial terhadap keberfungsian keluarga, serta pemenuhan kebutuhan pokok dan ketahanan fisik keluarga. Lokasi penelitian adalah tiga zona agroekosistem, yaitu dominan sawah (7 desa), lahan kering (8 desa), hutan jati (7 desa). Pengumpulan data primer di tingkat desa dilakukan terhadap 90 responden melalui diskusi kelompok terfokus dan wawancara mendalam. Sedangkan di tingkat keluarga petani miskin dengan kuesioner terstruktur yang melibatkan sebanyak 132 keluarga. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli, Oktober, Desember 2007, dan Juli, September, November, Desember 2008. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan analisis statistic inferensia, diantaranya analisis Cochran, uji-t, ANOVA, regresi linier berganda, regresi logistik, dan analisis jalur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keluarga petani miskin menyebar secara merata antar desa, tidak berbeda pada ketiga zona agroekosistem, serta mengelompok pada nilai total skor ≥ 8 berdasarkan 11 indikator validasi kemiskinan BLT 2005. Mereka memilih sikap setuju sampai sangat setuju pada tataran lingkungan sosial ekonomi dan ekologi (meso) serta dukungan sosial ekonomi dan kebijakan (makro) yang memiliki peranan dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan pokok. Secara umum ada perbedaan pada keluarga contoh di tiga zona agroekosistem dalam strategi coping aspek ekonomi. Namun tidak berbeda pada karakteristik keluarga (mikro), sikap keluarga terhadap lingkungan sosial ekonomi, budaya, dan ekologi (meso), serta sikap keluarga terhadap dukungan sosial ekonomi dan kebijakan (makro). Selain itu, tidak berbeda dalam strategi coping aspek sosial, dan strategi nafkah berbasis modal sosial keluarga. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi strategi coping yang dilakukan oleh keluarga contoh secara signifikan adalah pendidikan, ukuran keluarga, sikap keluarga pada tatanan meso, dan strategi nafkah berbasis modal sosial. Keempat variabel berpengaruh negatif terhadap strategi coping. Pendidikan dan besar keluarga juga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap strategi nafkah berbasis modal sosial yang dilakukan keluarga. Kedua variabel berpengaruh positif terhadap strategi nafkah.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/55412
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