Pengelolaan perikanan tangkap berkelanjutan di Perairan Jakarta, Provinsi DKI Jakarta

Abstract

Perairan Jakarta merupakan perairan yang padat tangkap dan multi fungsi, maka pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan di perairan Jakarta membutuhkan kehati-hatian dan kearifan dalam pengelolaannya oleh pemerintah baik di pusat maupun daerah sebagai pembuatan kebijakan dan peraturan, juga oleh nelayan, pengusaha, masyarakat sebagai pelaku pemanfaatan sumberdaya dan kawasan pesisir di Teluk Jakarta dan Kepulauan Seribu. Perairan Jakarta memiliki nilai sejarah dan strategis sebagai bagian dari Ibu Kota Negara Republik Indonesia yang dijadikan cermin pengelolaan sumberdaya di Indonesia oleh berbagai pihak terutama dalam hal pengelolaan sumberdaya perikanan. Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan menyusun strategi kebijakan pengelolaan perikanan tangkap berkelanjutan, secara khusus bertujuan (a) mengevaluasi tingkat keberlanjutan pengelolaan perikanan tangkap di perairan Jakarta, (b) menentukan alokasi optimal dari berbagai jenis alat tangkap potensial sebagai sebuah dinamika pengelolaan perikanan tangkap di perairan Jakarta, (c) menganalisis berbagai komponen yang berpengaruh terhadap kegiatan perikanan tangkap berdasarkan kesesuaian ruang di perairan Jakarta, dan (d) menganalisis faktor internal dan eksternal dalam rangka menyusun strategi pengelolaan perikanan tangkap berkelanjutan di perairan Jakarta. Analisis SWOT digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor internal dan eksternal yang berpengaruh terhadap perikanan tangkap di perairan Jakarta. Analisis linear goal programming (LGP) digunakan untuk menentukan alokasi optimal dari alat tangkap potensial yang beroperasi di perairan Jakarta. Analisis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) dan location quotient (LQ) digunakan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian ruang perairan Teluk Jakarta baik untuk perikanan tangkap maupun perikanan budidaya (budidaya ikan dan rumput laut), sedangkan analisis LQ digunakan untuk menentukan wilayah / kecamatan yang tepat untuk pengembangan setiap alat terpilih dari analisis LGP berdasarkan ketersediaan tenaga kerja. Analisis analytical hierarchy process (AHP) digunakan untuk pemilihan alternatif strategi pengelolaan perikanan tangkap berkelanjutan di perairan Jakarta berdasarkan prioritas kepentingan.

Jakarta Waters is categorized as fully exploited water areas which its coastal areas accommodate multifunction services. Therefore, it needs precautionary approach to manage fisheries activity and its resource in the location. This is important to sustain the potential resource, provide prosperity to fishermen as well as coastal communities. The general objectives of this study are to arrange the sustainable fishery management in Jakarta Waters, while specific objectives of this study are to evaluate capture fishery management status; to determine optimum allocation of potential fishing gears and fisheries development areas based on potential fishing gears; to analyze the various components affecting to capture fishery activity based on suitable area and to analyze internal and external conditions in order to arrange the strategies for sustainable fishery management in Jakarta Waters. The methods used in this study were system approach, SWOT analysis, Linear Goal Programming (LGP) analysis, analysis of Location Quotients (LQ), Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results revealed that the management of capture fishery in Jakarta Waters was categorized as "kurang baik" with the total scores of 2.529 and 2.747 for internal and external factors analysis, matrix IE pointed out that the position of fishery management at growth level which need strategy to do coordination horizontally with the other stakeholders. By using GIS analysis, it was identified that 52,89% of Jakarta Waters can be used for capture fishery, less than 25% can be used for fish farming (cage culture) and less than 15% can be used for seeweed culture. Meanwhile the potential fishing gears to be developed were pelagic danish seine, drift gillnet, boat lift net, set bottom long line, portable trap and muro ami which have the optimum allocation for each fishing gear; 7 units, 98 units, 23 units, 18 units, 8547 units, and 798 units. The potential fishing gears for pelagic danish seine could be developed in Penjaringan and North Seribu Island Districts; drift gillnet could be developed in Cilincing District; boat lift net could be developed in Penjaringan District; set bottom long line could be developed in Penjaringan District; portable trap could be developed in Cilincing and South Seribu Island Districts while muro ami could be developed in Penjaringan and South Seribu Island Districts. The study identified that there are several important strategies to support sustainable capture fishery management, from the first priority to the last are small-scale fishery standardization, integrated management to conserve the ecosystem function, quality product improvement, fishing days opreration management by implementing closed – open seasons, increasing independent fishermen capability, human resources empowerment, extention for fishermen and increasing capture fishery activities supervision. As the first priority, the standardization of small-scale fishery should be stable against changes in the dimension of biology and quite stable against changes in the ecological, economic, social and technological dimension.