Konstruksi sosial kuasa pengetahuan zakat (studi kasus tiga lembaga zakat di Provinsi Jambi dan Sumatera Barat)

Abstract

The tradition of zakat (almsgiving) and its governance are interesting social phenomena among Muslim societies. Being one of traditions and compulsory to Muslim community, the almsgiving is closely related to the power of the social construction of zakat knowledge. It is closely related to the social conditions underlying it. The knowledge, rationality and the interests of many people involved in it existing in everywhere and coming from many directions are directing, limiting and shaping power of the zakat tradition. The changes of social construction happen simultaneously and continuously trough the objective and subjective dimensions of individuals in the dialectical condition. This study uses the paradigm of constructivism, qualitative methods with case study design. The research will be held in the Provinces of Jambi and West Sumatra, with the consideration that there are found the dynamics of governance of the zakat. Besides, it has been the basis of the doctrine development of the zakat for a very long time. Data collected trough Triangulation techniques, in-depth interviews, documentation, observation and secondary data. Sources of data obtained from the ulama as an actor of the zakat governance, those under obligatory of the zakat (muzakki) and the recipient of the zakat (mustahik). The unit of analysis is the actor of governance institutions of the zakat, academics and government officials and the people of the zakat (muzakki and mustahik). Processing and data analysis followed by the stages of data reduction and classification based on the categories established by the concept, and the relations between concepts. It is found that the rationality of actors in the zakat governance work under asceticism and altruism in LAZ community, with the dominance of religious knowledge. The rationality of Bazda Jambi is developmentalism dominated by the political science, while the rationality of private LAZ is maximize utility or maximize profit, which is dominated by economic industrial science. Dominance of rationality of the zakat and its governance are established on three moments which by Berger and Luchmann model (1990), are named: Objectivation, internalization and externalization working simultaneously and dialectically. In the dynamics of actors‘ interests in the zakat governance it is found that; the LAZ community focused on the interests of individual piety building or social piety building, economic and social security. In Jambi BAZDA it is focused on the strengthening of power and capital accumulation for development, whereas in private LAZ it is focused on economic of industrial and investment security.

Tradisi berzakat dan tatakelolanya, merupakan fenomena sosial yang menarik dalam masyarakat muslim. Zakat sebagai suatu tradisi dan kewajiban bagi penganut Islam, tidak terlepas dari kondisi-kondisi sosial yang mendasarinya, berlangsung dengan segenap faktor pengaruh dan berkembang secara dinamis. Pengetahuan, Rasionalitas dan Kepentingan yang ada dimana-mana dan datang dari berbagai arah, merupakan kekuatan yang mengarahkan, membatasi dan membentuk tradisi berzakat. Perubahan terjadi secara simultan, melintasi dimensi objektif dan subjektif individu-individu tanpa pernah berhenti dalam kondisi yang dialektik. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma konstruktivisme, dengan metode kualitatif. Provinsi Jambi dan Sumatera Barat dipilih sebagai wilayah penelitian karena selain ditemukan dinamika ketatakelolaan zakat, disana juga merupakan basis perkembangan ajaran zakat sejak zaman penjajahan. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik trianggulasi melalui wawancara mendalam, dokumentasi, observasi dan data sekunder. Sumber data diperoleh dari agamawan sebagai pengelola zakat, wajib zakat (muzakki) dan penerima zakat (mustahik). Unit analisis adalah aktor lembaga tatakelola zakat yang terdiri dari agamawan, akademisi dan aparat pemerintah serta masyarakat zakat (muzakki dan mustahik). Pengolahan dan analisis data mengikuti tahapan reduksi data dan klasifikasi berdasarkan kategori yang dibangun dari konsep-konsep, dan kemudian dibuat hubungan antar konsep. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konstruksi pengetahuan zakat yang terbangun pada tiga model lembaga tatakelola zakat yang diteliti, merupakan hasil dari persentuhan pengetahuan agama, pengetahuan lokal dan sain modern (politik dan ekonomi). Pada Lembaga Amil Zakat (LAZ) komunitas, ditemukan bahwa pertemuan pengetahuan agama dan pengetahuan lokal (local knowledge) menunjukkan adanya dominasi pengetahauan agama. Pada Badan Amil Zakat Daerah (Bazda) ditemukan terjadi pertemuan pengetahuan agama dan sain politik modern dan menunjukkan adanya dominasi sain politik modern. Sementara pada Lembaga Amil Zakat (LAZ) Swasta ditemukan pertemuan pengetahuan agama dan sain ekonomi modern dan menunjukkan adanya dominasi sain ekonomi modern.