Minimalisasi limbah nitrogen dalam budidaya ikan lele (Clarias gariepinus) dengan sistem akuakultur berbasis jenjang rantai makanan
Minimization of the nitrogenous waste of the catfish, (Clarias gariepinus) culture by application of the trophic level based aquaculture system
Date
2012Author
Gunadi, Bambang
Harris, Enang
Supriyono, Eddy
Sukenda
Budiardi, Tatag
Metadata
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A serial experiment was carried out to analyze feed digestibility, protein digestibility and ammonia excretion of catfish (Clarias gariepinus), ammonia level dynamics in relation to bacteria and alga population in catfish culture, and to analyze the increment of nitrogen absorption efficiency in the trophic level based aquaculture of intensive catfish. Nine concrete tanks of 25 m2 were used in this experiment for three treatments with three replicates. Each tank was divided into two sections. The first section of 10 m2 was stocked with catfish, and the second part of 15 m2 was run as heterotrophic partition and stocked with tilapia or tilapia and molluscs (mussels and snails), according to the respective treatments. The water was recirculated from catfish part to the heterotrophic section, and vice versa, by water pump with a flow rate of 0.3 L/s. An aeration system was installed in the heterotrophic section to ensure that disolved oxygen level did not drop below the critical point. The catfish with initial size of 42.5 g were stocked in the first part at a density of 100 fish/m2, whereas tilapia (4.83 g initial size) were stocked in the heterotrophic section. In the relevant treatment, the molluscs (mussels and snails, 5.0 kg each) were also stocked in the heterotrophic section. Commercial floating fish feed with 29.77% protein level was applied to catfish only at a daily rate of 3% of catfish biomass and was given three times per day. The inoculation of commercial Bacillus sp. isolate was applied in the first day of the experiment to obtain bacteria density in water of 106 cfu/L. Molases was suplemented to the tanks daily in order to adjust water C/N ratio at a rate of about 91,31% of daily feed ratio. Three treatments were applied in this experiment, i.e.: (a) One trophic level (Catfish only), (b) Two trophic level (Catfish-Tilapia), and (c) Three trophic level (Catfish-Tilapia-Molluscs). Each treatment had three replicates. The experiment was conducted for 6 weeks. The results showed that the total production of catfish culture systems were 81.71±22.39, 67.51±20.63, dan 101.45±19.71, respectively, for one, two and three throphic levels. The nitrogen absorption efficiency (NAE) in the catfish culture was relatively increased as the trophic level was expanded. The calculated NAE for catfish culture with one, two and three throphic levels were 31.84±12.47, 33.95±11.63, and 36.48±11.96, respectively. Consecutively, longer trophic level contributed to the lower nitrogenous waste in the heterotrophic intensive catfish culture. Based on the feed nitrogen level, the nitrogenous waste of the catfish culture decreased from 68.16%, in the single trophic level to 63.52% in the three trophic levels. There were potential feed in the form of bacteria and algae biomass in the wastewater of catfish culture. Budidaya ikan lele (C. gariepinus) secara intensif dicirikan oleh padat penebaran tinggi dan pemberian pakan buatan yang berakibat terjadinya penumpukan limbah nitrogen di kolam. Dari seluruh nitrogen dalam pakan yang diberikan kepada ikan, hanya 25%-nya yang digunakan ikan untuk tumbuh, 60%- nya akan dikeluarkan dalam bentuk NH3 dan 15%-nya akan dikeluarkan bersama feses. Dengan demikian, potensi pasokan amonia ke dalam air budidaya ikan adalah sebesar 75% dari kadar nitrogen dalam pakan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menganalisis nilai kecernaan pakan dan protein pada ikan lele, tingkat ekskresi amoniak ikan lele, dinamika kadar amoniak dan hubungannya dengan populasi bakteri heterotrofik dan fitoplankton pada pemeliharaan ikan lele, serta peningkatan efisiensi penyerapan limbah nitrogen pada budidaya ikan lele melalui penambahan organisme dengan jenjang rantai makanan yang berbeda. Dari penelitian ini akan diketahui penyerapan dan retensi nitrogen pada berbagai jenjang rantai makanan yang dipadukan dengan pemeliharaan ikan lele secara intensif.
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