A Model for environment control of sustainable new town development. (case study: new town development of Bumi Serpong Damai

Abstract

Development of new town is expected to solve such problems as migration reduction to large cities, regional economic development, etc., but the reality does not correspond to the objectives. Environment is one of impacts that are not examined carefully when new town was planned and developed. The objective of the study is to formulate a model of environmental control over of new town development, in order to achieve its sustainability objective. A case study of the research was conducted in a new town Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) in Banten Province, Indonesia. The study has analyzed the quality of air and water and then comparing both with a standardized environment quality, has analyzed sustainability of BSD using multidimensional scaling (MDS) tools, has formulated key parameters using Prospective tools, has developed an environment control model using system dynamics tools, and then has formulated prioritized policies. The study has revealed that water and land around BSD area is contaminated with organic waste such as BOD and COD, while the atmosphere contains toxic gas such as CO, SOx, NOx, ozon (O3) and TSP. Using the MDS tools for sustainability analysis, it has been revealed that BSD city is categorized as less sustainable (46,75), less than 50 points. In both aspects as ecology (42,22) and social culture (26,49) BSD city is categorized not sustainable. Only in such aspects as infrastructure and technology (52,20), economy (53,17) and law and institutions (59,95) are closed to be categorized sustainable. The Prospective tools has identified 22 leverage factors be considered for BSD city to achieve its sustainability, 5 of which have been identified as key parameters, including (1) air pollution, (2) availability of sewerage system facilities, (3) transportation facilities, (4) environment institution, and (5) road infrastructure. The system dynamics and the forum group discussion have formulated a model of environmental control over new town development consisting of sub models for environment, social, and economy. Among four alternative scenarios formulated, the realistic one to be implemented is the third scenario, consisting of such actions as 5% annual increase on development of sewerage system facilities, gas emission control for vehicles, restriction on vehicle age, improvement of road infrastructure capacity, 20% increase on upgrading of deteriorated road, extension of road infrastructure, population control, and policies on urbanization. Recommended policies to achieve its sustainability include the use of clean production technology, sewerage system facilities, road network development, adequate public transportation, admiration toward indigenous local culture, and development of appropriate institutions.

Meningkatnya kepadatan penduduk telah mendorong terjadinya urbanisasi, sehingga seringkali mengakibatkan terjadinya urban sprawl. Akibat adanya urban sprawl ini seringkali muncul berbagai permasalahan, diantaranya menurunnya kualitas lingkungan hidup dan kualitas hunian, tidak tertatanya fisik kota, terbatasnya kapasitas penyediaan pelayanan prasarana dan sarana dasar, terjadinya kesenjangan, munculnya berbagai masalah sosial, merebaknya masalah kriminalitas, tingginya tingkat pengganguran, dsb. Kondisi tersebut mendorong dibangunnya kota baru di kota satelit, namun juga seringkali tidak terlalu merubah keadaan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan model pengendalian lingkungan pada pembangunan kota baru berkelanjutan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis kualitas lingkungan, analisis keberlanjutan, analisis prospektif, merancang model pengendalian lingkungan dalam pembangunan kota baru berkelanjutan dan merumuskan strategi dan alternative kebijakan kota baru berkelanjutan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kota Baru Bumi Serpong Damai (BSD) dengan mengambil data primer dan data sekunder. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengambilan data kualitas udara dan kualitas air, selain itu juga melakukan wawancara dengan stakeholder yang diambil secara purposive. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya dianalisis. Data kualitas udara dan kualitas air dianalisis secara deskriptif. Pada analisis keberlanjutan dilakukan dengan menggunakan MDS, sedangkan untuk mendapatkan parameter kunci dilakukan analisis prospektif dan pembuatan model dibuat dalam bentuk model dinamik, dan selanjutnya hasil analisis tersebut di atas, dibuat prioritas kebijakannya.