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      Dampak kebijakan fiskal dan moneter terhadap kinerja perekonomian indonesia: suatu aplikasi model makroekonomi Three-Gap

      The impact of fiscal and monetary policy on Indonesia’s economic performance: a three-gap macroeconomic model application

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      Date
      2011
      Author
      Prayogi, Ratnawati
      Tambunan, Mangara
      Sinaga, Bonar M.
      Kuntjoro
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      Abstract
      The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on Indonesia’s economic performance. Considering that internal gaps (savings gap and fiscal gap) and external gap (foreign exchange gap) exist at any economy, therefore it was necessary to build a macroeconomic model which integrates the three gaps. The Indonesia’s Three-Gap Macroeconomic Model built as an econometric model in the form of a simultaneous equations system and estimated using Two-Stage Least Squares method by using time series data in the year of 1969-2000. Empirical result shows that negative gap in private sector (savings deficit) is not a constraint to economic growth if there is an augmentation in investment financed by foreign capital inflows (foreign direct investment and foreign loans). Therefore it is very important to stimulate an excellent atmosphere to boost up investment. On the other hand, negative gap in public sector (fiscal deficit) is a constraint to Indonesia’s economic growth because the fall of public income will deteriorate fiscal potency. If the deficit is covered by increasing loans, it would increase interest payment. Therefore, besides exercising taxational intensification and extensibility policy, government spending should be spent efficiently and effectively. At the foreign exchange gap, the higher the net export, the higher the economic growth. At the capital account, while increasing the cash inflows (foreign investment and foreign loans) to the private sector would increase the investment, on the contrary, decreasing public foreign loans would make public spending more efficient and could increase economic growth. Since Indonesia’s economy experienced an economic downfall initiated by the currency crisis in 1997, in the future, the role of the fiscal and monetary policy would be very crucial in accelerating economic growth.
       
      Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan fiskal dan moneter terhadap kinerja perekonomian Indonesia. Memperhatikan bahwa dalam perekonomian terdapat kesenjangan internal (kesenjangan tabungan dan kesenjangan fiskal) dan kesenjangan eksternal (kesenjangan valuta asing), maka perlu dibuat suatu model makroekonomi yang mengintegrasikan ketiga kesenjangan tersebut. Ketiga kesenjangan ini dikenal dengan nama three-gap dalam perekonomian. Model Makroekonomi Three-Gap Indonesia dibangun sebagai model ekonometrika dalam bentuk sistem persamaan simultan dan diestimasi menggunakan metode Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS). Data yang digunakan adalah data time series tahun 1969-2000. Hasil empiris menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan yang negatif di sektor swasta (defisit tabungan) tidak menjadi kendala bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi sepanjang terjadinya peningkatan investasi swasta yang antara lain dibiayai oleh aliran dana asing (foreign direct investment dan foreign loans). Oleh karena itu sangat penting untuk melakukan kebijakan-kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan iklim investasi yang kondusif. Sebaliknya, kesenjangan yang negatif pada sektor publik (defisit fiskal) menjadi kendala bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia karena penurunan penerimaan pemerintah memperlemah kekuatan fiskal. Defisit fiskal dapat mengakibatkan makin besarnya beban bunga jika defisit ditutup dengan pinjaman. Oleh karena itu, di samping melakukan kebijakan intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi perpajakan, pemerintah perlu melakukan efisiensi dan efektivitas dalam pengeluarannya. Pada kesenjangan valuta asing, makin tinggi ekspor bersih, maka makin tinggi pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sedangkan pada akun modal (capital account), aliran dana asing ke sektor swasta dalam bentuk investasi asing dan pinjaman asing dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Akan tetapi sebaliknya, justru penurunan pinjaman luar negeri pemerintah dapat mengefisienkan sektor publik dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Mengingat perekonomian Indonesia mengalami krisis yang diawali dari krisis nilai tukar pada tahun 1997, maka kebijakan fiskal dan moneter ke depan akan berperan penting dalam rangka percepatan pertumbuhan ekonomi.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/53671
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