Kontribusi Masyarakat dalam Upaya Adaptasi Perubahan Iklim melalui Kegiatan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri

Abstract

Indonesia is a country located in tropical area which has the third largest area of forest in the world after Brazil and Congo. However this had been offset by deforestation rate which, according Department of Forestry (2007) has reached around 1.08 million hectares/year. Deforestation had created critical land that had reached up to 54.17 million hectares of legally appointed area as forest area, and up to 41.47 million hectares of forest inside the legally appointed as forest area Syumanda (2007). Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP) is one of the areas that affected by deforestation. One effort to rehabilitate critical land affected by deforestation and forest degradation was conducting Forest and Land Rehabilitation (FLR) activity. This activity was expected to provide the local people with source of income in the future, decrease the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere, and serve as adaptation measures to climate change for the communities living around the forest area Data was collected through inventory, questionnaire dissemination, literature, and document study. Inventory was conducted on 0.1 ha sample plots to obtain data on the number of staple crops and carbon deposits. Questionnaire was disseminated to farmer to obtain data on income contribution and farmer’s perception toward adaptation effort to climate change through the FLR. Literature and document study was conducted to obtain supporting data for the validity and analysis of data. Farmers from Sanenrejo and Wonoasri villages join the adaptation effort to climate change through FLR program. Their activities in the FLR program had created environmental condition that can reduce the climate change’s impact and maintain sources of farmer’s income. In the other words, farmers participation in RHL program has contributed significantly to climate change mitigation efforts. This was confirmed by the amount of principal crops in each study site: 130-131 stems/ha in Sanenrejo village and 335-336 stems/ha in Wonoasri village with the amount of carbon stored 6.03 ton/ha and 10.81 ton/ha. Contribution income from activities in the RHL village: 92.89% in Sanenrejo village and 82.29% in Wonoasri village. Annual household income in each household at both locations were Rp 9,282,500.00 and Rp 10,175,000.00. Level of FLR participants' perceptions at Sanenrejo and Wonoasri villages toward climate change adaptation efforts using Likert scale was consequetively medium and high with a value of 2.44 and 1.57. It mean the FLR program is one form of adaptation to climate change.

Indonesia terletak di wilayah tropika memiliki areal hutan terluas ketiga di dunia setelah Brasil dan Kongo. Namun hal ini diimbangi dengan laju deforestasi yang menurut Departemen Kehutanan (2007) mencapai 1,08 juta hektar/tahun. Hal ini menyebabkan terciptanya lahan kritis yang kini menurut Syumanda (2007) mencapai 59,17 juta hektar di kawasan hutan dan 41,47 juta hektar di luar kawasan hutan. Taman Nasional Meru Betiri merupakan salah satu daerah yang terkena dampak deforestasi. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi lahan kritis akibat deforestasi dan degradasi hutan adalah dengan melaksanakan kegiatan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan (RHL). Hal ini diharapkan dapat mengurangi konsentrasi CO₂ di atmosfer sekaligus sebagai langkah adaptasi perubahan iklim bagi masyarakat di dalam dan di sekitar kawasan hutan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur kontribusi masyarakat dalam upaya adaptasi perubahan iklim melalui kegiatan rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode inventarisasi, penyebaran kuisioner, studi pustaka dan peneusuran dokumen. Inventarisasi dilakukan pada plot contoh lingkaran berukuran 0,1 ha untuk mendapatkan data tentang jumlah tanaman pokok dan simpanan karbon pada tanaman pokok. Kuesioner diberikan kepada petani untuk mendapatkan data tentang kontribusi pendapatan dan data mengenai persepsi tentang upaya adaptasi perubahan iklim melalui rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan. Studi pustaka dan penelusuran dokumen, dilakukan untuk mendukung validitas dan pendalaman data untuk analisis data. Kegiatan rehabilitasi yang dilakukan oleh petani peserta program RHL di Desa Sanenrejo dan Wonoasri merupakan salah satu bentuk adaptasi perubahan iklim. Petani yang mengikuti kegiatan RHL telah menciptakan kondisi lingkungan yang mampu mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim dan menjaga sumber penghasilan petani, dengan kata lain petani peserta program RHL telah memberikan kontribusi nyata terhadap upaya penanggulangan perubahan iklim. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan jumlah tanaman pokok di masing-masing lokasi penelitian: 130 – 131 batang/ha di Desa Sanenrejo dan 335 – 336 batang/ha di Desa Wonoasri dengan jumlah karbon tersimpan sebanyak 6,03 ton/ha dan 10,81 ton/ha. Kontribusi pendapatan dari kegiatan RHL sebesar 92,89% di Desa Sanenrejo dan 82,29% di Desa Wonoasri. Pendapatan total rumah tangga rata-rata per kepala keluarga per tahun di kedua lokasi berturut-turut sebesar Rp 9.282.500,00 dan Rp 10.175.000,00. Tingkat persepsi peserta kegiatan RHL di Desa Sanenrejo dan Desa Wonoasri terhadap upaya adaptasi perubahan iklim melalui kegiatan RHL berdasarkan penskalaan Likert beturut-turut sedang dan tinggi dengan nilai 2,44 dan 1,57. Hal ini mengartikan bahwa kegiatan RHL yang dilakukan oleh petani merupakan salah satu bentuk adaptasi perubahan iklim.