Dampak investasi sumberdaya manusia terhadap perekonomian dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Jawa Tengah

Abstract

The focus of development is not only on economic growth, but also on equity. The development strategy emphasizing on strengthening the development of human resources was expected to be the government instrument to achieve the development goals, both economic growth and equity (supporting endogenous growth theory). The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of human resource investment and its impact on economic performance and social welfare in Central Java. The indicators of economic performance in this research are inputs, outputs, government revenues and expenditures, while the indicators of social welfare are education, health, per capita expenditure, unemployment, unequity and poverty. The research also analyse the government policies are used as references in decision making related to human resource development. In order to answer the objectives of the research, are used simultaneous equations model of econometric analyses with six blocks, i.e. human capital, input, output, government revenue, expenditure, and people welfare, with 24 structural equations and 9 identity equations. The model was estimated using two stage least squares method (2 SLS). The results show that the increasing of public education expenditure, health expenditure and infrastructure expenditure could improve the economic performance and social welfare. The increasing of public education expenditure with the same percentage has greater impact on economic performance and social welfare than health expenditure, whereas the increasing in the equal amount has opposite impact. The government policy on 20 percent education expenditure from district expenditure and the increasing on infrastructure expenditure have greatest impact on economic performance and equity. This fact indicates that a government policy will be more effective if it is followed by the development of infrastructure. The impact of increasing in human resource investment improve both economic growth and equity simultaneously (there is no trade off between economic growth and equity).

Pembangunan yang mulanya lebih menitikberatkan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi mulai berubah pada pemikiran yang juga menitikberatkan pada pemerataan pendapatan. Teori pertumbuhan ekonomi endogen (endogenous growth theory) menyatakan bahwa sumberdaya manusia merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam proses pembangunan. Pada era globalisasi dan otonomi daerah. Sumberdaya manusia yang unggul dan berkualitas merupakan syarat penting bagi tercapainya pembangunan ekonomi. Pendidikan yang didukung oleh kesehatan dan fasilitas infrastruktur yang baik memegang peranan penting bagi peningkatan kualitas sumberdaya manusia. Peningkatan kualitas pendidikan memiliki makna bagi perbaikan kualitas bangsa, sebagai salah satu sarana dalam meningkatkan potensi dasar yang dimiliki bangsa. Kebijakan fiskal menjadi instrumen penting dalam mengatasi permasalahan pembangunan. Peningkatan pengeluaran kesehatan dan pendidikan dapat meningkatkan akumulasi human capital. Peningkatan human capital diharapkan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tenaga kerja serta dapat mendorong kinerja perekonomian dan kesejahteraan masyarakat sehingga dapat memutus rantai kemiskinan.