Analisis Peran Kelembagaan Tani terhadap Usahatani Padi di Desa Batu Betumpang

Abstract

Kelembagaan tani berperan penting sebagai wahana kelas belajar, kerja sama, dan unit produksi bagi petani, khususnya di lahan rawa pasang surut yang memiliki karakteristik biofisik marjinal seperti keasaman tinggi dan ancaman singkapan pirit. Desa Batu Betumpang merupakan salah satu sentra produksi padi di Kabupaten Bangka Selatan yang menghadapi tantangan tersebut, sehingga kondisi dan peran kelembagaan tani setempat menjadi penting untuk dikaji. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kondisi kelembagaan tani, mengidentifikasi peran kelembagaan tani terhadap usahatani padi pada subsistem hulu, produksi, dan hilir, serta merumuskan strategi penguatan kelembagaan tani di Desa Batu Betumpang. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Informan dipilih secara purposive yang terdiri atas pengurus Gapoktan dan Poktan, penyuluh pertanian lapangan, aparat desa dan kecamatan, pelaku usaha tani, serta pengurus kelembagaan pendukung seperti Koperasi Merah Putih dan BUMDes. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model interaktif Miles dan Huberman. Perumusan strategi penguatan dilakukan menggunakan analisis SWOT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelembagaan tani telah terbentuk secara formal dan memiliki modal sosial yang cukup kuat, tetapi partisipasi anggota masih rendah dan tata kelola administrasi belum transparan. Peran kelembagaan tani paling kuat teridentifikasi pada subsistem produksi melalui pengelolaan alat dan mesin pertanian oleh Brigade Pangan, cukup lemah pada subsistem hulu akibat keterlambatan distribusi pupuk bersubsidi, dan paling lemah pada subsistem hilir karena Gapoktan belum mampu menjalankan fungsi sebagai unit pengumpul maupun mengoperasikan fasilitas penggilingan padi secara komersial, sehingga rantai pemasaran gabah masih dikuasai tengkulak. Analisis SWOT menghasilkan beberapa alternatif strategi penguatan kelembagaan yang berfokus pada penataan tata kelola administrasi, optimalisasi peran Brigade Pangan, pengembangan unit usaha hilir melalui sinergi dengan kelembagaan baru, penguatan posisi tawar petani, serta peningkatan kapasitas teknis petani.

Farmer institutions play an important role as a forum for learning, cooperation, and production units for farmers, particularly in tidal swamp land characterized by marginal biophysical conditions such as high soil acidity and the threat of pyrite exposure. Batu Betumpang Village is one of the main rice production centers in South Bangka Regency that faces these challenges, making the condition and role of local farmer institutions important to examine. This study aims to analyze the condition of farmer institutions, identify the role of farmer institutions in rice farming across the upstream, production, and downstream subsystems, and formulate strategies for strengthening farmer institutions in Batu Betumpang Village. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. Informants were selected purposively, consisting of Gapoktan and Poktan administrators, agricultural extension workers, village and subdistrict officials, agribusiness actors, and administrators of supporting institutions such as the Koperasi Merah Putih and BUMDes. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The formulation of strengthening strategies was carried out using SWOT analysis. The results showed that farmer institutions have been formally established and possess fairly strong social capital, but member participation remains low and administrative governance is not yet transparent. The role of farmer institutions was found to be strongest in the production subsystem through the management of agricultural machinery by the Brigade Pangan unit, relatively weak in the upstream subsystem due to delays in subsidized fertilizer distribution, and weakest in the downstream subsystem, as the Gapoktan has not been able to function as a collection unit or operate a rice milling facility commercially, leaving the grain marketing chain dominated by middlemen. The SWOT analysis produced several alternative strengthening strategies focusing on improving administrative governance, optimizing the role of Brigade Pangan, developing downstream business units through synergy with new institutions, strengthening farmers' bargaining position, and enhancing farmers' technical capacity.