Efek Preventif Kombinasi Caesalpinia sappan, Garcinia cambogia, dan Cymbopogon nardus terhadap Aorta dan Pankreas Tikus dengan Pakan Tinggi Lemak.

Abstract

SARAH. Efek Preventif Kombinasi Caesalpinia sappan, Garcinia cambogia, dan Cymbopogon nardus terhadap Aorta dan Pankreas Tikus dengan Pakan Tinggi Lemak. Dibimbing oleh GUNANTI, EVA HARLINA, dan HASIM. Obesitas merupakan masalah kesehatan global yang berkaitan erat dengan in flamasi kronis, gangguan metabolik, serta kerusakan organ seperti aorta dan pank reas. Terapi farmakologis seperti Orlistat® sering menimbulkan efek samping, se hingga pemanfaatan bahan herbal sebagai alternatif preventif semakin mendapat perhatian. Kayu secang, buah asam gelugur, dan daun serai wangi diketahui mem iliki aktivitas antioksidan dan antiinflamasi yang berpotensi memberikan efek protektif terhadap perubahan metabolik akibat diet tinggi lemak. Penelitian ini ber tujuan menganalisis pengaruh pemberian preventif kombinasi ketiga ekstrak terse but terhadap profil hematologi, gambaran histopatologi aorta dan pankreas, serta ekspresi TNF-a dan insulin pada tikus Sprague-Dawley yang diinduksi pakan tinggi lemak. Sebanyak 20 ekor tikus Sprague-Dawley dibagi secara acak menjadi 4 ke lompok (n = 5) kontrol normal (KK, pakan standar), kontrol negatif (KN, pakan tinggi lemak), kontrol terapeutik (KP, pakan tinggi lemak diikuti Orlistat® 12,5 mg/kg BB/hari secara oral), dan kelompok preventif ekstrak (PE, pakan tinggi le mak bersamaan kombinasi ekstrak 500 mg/kg BB/hari secara oral). Parameter yang diamati meliputi profil hematologi, skor histopatologi dan morfometri aorta serta pankreas, ekspresi TNF-a pada jaringan aorta, dan ekspresi insulin pada pulau Langerhans secara imunohistokimia. Pada aorta, kelompok KN menunjukkan ketebalan dinding tertinggi (180,77±7,71 µm) dan ekspresi TNF-a tertinggi (9,33±1,76%) dibandingkan KK (112,15±36,86 µm dan 0,99±0,25%). Induksi pa kan tinggi lemak pada kelompok kontrol negatif (KN) juga meningkatkan skor kongesti (1,20±0,37) dan edema pankreas (0,56±0,33), memperluas rerata luas pu lau Langerhans (23.906,93±1.507,57 µm²), serta meningkatkan ekspresi insulin (8,88±2,88%) dibandingkan kelompok kontrol normal (KK) yang masing-masing sebesar 5.059,00±1.672,85 µm² dan 1,48±0,61%. Pemberian preventif kombinasi ekstrak (PE) meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin (13,74±0,99 g/dL) dan hematokrit (41,78±2,37%) dibandingkan KN (11,26±2,24 g/dL dan 34,46±6,45%), serta menurunkan ketebalan dinding aorta (135,41±20,69 µm) dan ekspresi TNF-a (1,64±0,54%), skor kongesti dan edema pankreas, luas pulau Langerhans (11.616,53±3.609,51 µm²), dan ekspresi insulin (3,35±2,07%) yang mendekati nilai kelompok KK. Namun, efek terhadap jumlah eritrosit, leukosit, trombosit, disor ganisasi serabut elastis, dan infiltrasi sel radang tidak berbeda nyata antar ke lompok. Secara keseluruhan, kombinasi ekstrak kayu secang, buah asam gelugur, dan daun serai wangi yang diberikan secara preventif berpotensi memberikan efek protektif terhadap perubahan vaskular dan pankreas yang berkaitan dengan diet tinggi lemak, meskipun mekanisme molekuler spesifiknya masih memerlukan kon firmasi lebih lanjut. Kata kunci: ekspresi TNF-a, histopatologi pankreas dan aorta, imunoreaktivitas insulin, kombinasi ekstrak preventif, morfometri pankreas dan aorta

SARAH. Preventive Effect of a Combination of Caesalpinia sappan, Garcinia cambogia, and Cymbopogon nardus on the Aorta and Pancreas of High-Fat Diet Fed Rats. Supervised by GUNANTI, EVA HARLINA, and HASIM. Obesity is a global health problem closely associated with chronic inflamma tion, metabolic disturbances, and organ damage such as in the aorta and pancreas. Pharmacological therapies such as Orlistat® often cause side effects, so the use of herbal ingredients as a preventive alternative has gained increasing attention. Sappan wood, Malabar tamarind, and citronella leaves are known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that may provide protective effects against metabolic changes caused by a high-fat diet. This study aimed to analyze the effect of preven tive administration of a combination of these three extracts on hematological profile, histopathological features of the aorta and pancreas, and TNF-a and insulin expres sion in high-fat diet-induced Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 20 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 5) normal control (KK, standard diet), negative control (KN, high-fat diet), thera peutic control (KP, high-fat diet followed by oral Orlistat® 12.5 mg/kg BW/day), and preventive extract group (PE, high-fat diet concurrent with oral extract combination 500 mg/kg BW/day). Parameters observed included hematological profile, histo pathological scores and morphometry of the aorta and pancreas, TNF-a expression in aortic tissue, and insulin expression in the islets of Langerhans by immunohisto chemistry. In the aorta, the KN group showed the highest wall thickness (180.77±7.71 µm) and TNF-a expression (9.33±1.76%) compared with KK (112.15±36.86 µm and 0.99±0.25%). High-fat diet induction in the negative control group (KN) also increased congestion (1.20±0.37) and pancreatic edema scores (0.56±0.33), enlarged the mean islet of Langerhans area (23,906.93±1,507.57 µm²), and increased insulin expression (8.88±2.88%) compared with the normal control group (KK), which showed 5,059.00±1,672.85 µm² and 1.48±0.61%, respectively. Preventive administration of the extract combination (PE) increased hemoglobin (13.74±0.99 g/dL) and hematocrit levels (41.78±2.37%) compared with KN (11.26±2.24 g/dL and 34.46±6.45%), and reduced aortic wall thickness (135.41±20.69 µm) and TNF-a expression (1.64±0.54%), pancreatic congestion and edema scores, islet of Langerhans area (11,616.53±3,609.51 µm²), and insulin ex pression (3.35±2.07%), approaching KK values. However, effects on erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet counts, elastic fiber disorganization, and inflammatory cell infiltration did not differ significantly among groups. Overall, the preventive admin istration of the combined sappan wood, Malabar tamarind, and citronella leaf extracts showed potential protective effects against vascular and pancreatic changes associ ated with a high-fat diet, although the specific molecular mechanisms require further confirmation. Keywords: aortic-pancreatic histopathology, aortic-pancreatic morphometry, insulin immunoreactivity, preventive extract combination, TNF-a expression