Evaluasi Kualitas Kayu Gergajian dari Tiga Wilayah di Kawasan Kabupaten Bogor untuk Keperluan Komponen Bangunan

Abstract

Kayu masih menjadi material konstruksi yang penting karena bersifat terbarukan, ramah lingkungan, dan mudah diolah. Namun, pemanfaatannya di tingkat masyarakat menghadapi kendala berupa keterbatasan informasi mengenai kualitas dan kontinuitas pasokan kayu yang beredar di pasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis kayu gergajian yang diperdagangkan di Kabupaten Bogor, mengevaluasi mutu fisik dan kekuatan kayu, serta mengkaji karakteristik perdagangan kayu pada toko bangunan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Leuwiliang, Parung Panjang, dan Jonggol melalui survei terhadap 90 toko bangunan, wawancara, penilaian mutu visual, penentuan rasio kekuatan, pengujian menggunakan mesin pemilah kayu MPK-5 Panter®, pengujian destruktif dengan Universal Testing Machine, serta analisis statistik deskriptif dan regresi linear. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasokan kayu terutama berasal dari supplier atau distributor, dengan jenis kayu yang paling banyak diperdagangkan adalah sengon, durian, dan meranti. Sortimen utama yang tersedia berupa papan, kaso, balok, dan reng. Evaluasi mutu fisik menunjukkan keberadaan cacat kayu berupa retak checks dan shakes, miring serat, mata kayu, serta cacat pengeringan seperti membusur dan mencawan. Meskipun demikian, sebagian besar sampel memiliki nilai rasio kekuatan tinggi sehingga masih layak digunakan sebagai komponen bangunan hunian, seperti rangka atap, kaso, reng, dan elemen struktural rumah tinggal. Pengujian sifat mekanis menunjukkan bahwa nilai modulus elastisitas meningkat seiring bertambahnya berat jenis kayu. Analisis hubungan antara hasil pengujian nondestruktif menggunakan MPK-5 Panter® dan pengujian statis menunjukkan korelasi yang kuat dengan nilai koefisien determinasi sebesar 0,7113. Temuan utama penelitian menunjukkan semakin dominannya kayu cepat tumbuh dari hutan rakyat dan sistem agroforestri sebagai sumber bahan baku konstruksi. Selain itu, penggunaan mesin pemilah kayu MPK-5 Panter® terbukti efektif untuk menduga kekuatan kayu secara cepat tanpa merusak sampel. Kualitas kayu yang beredar dipengaruhi oleh jenis kayu, cacat alami, proses pengolahan, dan pengeringan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan perlunya pengembangan standar mutu yang lebih spesifik untuk kayu cepat tumbuh serta peningkatan penerapan teknologi pemilahan guna mendukung ketersediaan kayu konstruksi hunian yang aman, berkualitas, dan berkelanjutan.

Wood remains an important construction material due to its renewable nature, environmental friendliness, and ease of processing. However, its utilization at the community level is constrained by limited information regarding the quality and continuity of timber supply available in the market. This study aimed to identify the species of sawn timber traded in Bogor Regency, evaluate their physical quality and strength properties, and examine the characteristics of timber trade in building material stores. The research was conducted in the districts of Leuwiliang, Parung Panjang, and Jonggol through surveys of 90 building material stores, interviews, visual quality assessments, determination of the strength ratio, testing using the MPK-5 Panter® timber grading machine, destructive testing with a Universal Testing Machine, and descriptive statistical and linear regression analyses. The results showed that timber supplies were primarily obtained from suppliers and distributors, with sengon (Falcataria moluccana), durian (Durio zibethinus), and meranti (Shorea spp.) being the most commonly traded species. The main timber products available in the market consisted of boards, battens, beams, and laths. Evaluation of physical quality revealed the presence of wood defects, including checks and shakes, slope of grain, knots, and drying defects such as bowing and cupping. Nevertheless, most samples exhibited high strength ratio values and were therefore suitable for use in residential construction components, including roof framing, battens, laths, and other structural elements in housing applications. Mechanical property testing demonstrated that the modulus of elasticity increased with increasing wood specific gravity. Analysis of the relationship between nondestructive testing results obtained from the MPK-5 Panter® and static testing results indicated a strong correlation, with a coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.7113. The main findings of this study indicate the increasing dominance of fastgrowing timber species sourced from community forests and agroforestry systems as raw materials for construction purposes. Furthermore, the application of the MPK-5 Panter® for machine grading proved effective in rapidly estimating timber strength without damaging the specimens. The quality of timber circulating in the market was influenced by species characteristics, natural defects, processing methods, and drying practices. The findings highlight the need to develop more specific quality standards for fast-growing timber species and to expand the implementation of machine grading technologies to support the availability of safe, high-quality, and sustainable timber for residential construction.