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      EFEKTIVITAS CADANGAN PANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM MENJAGA STABILITAS HARGA BERAS DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

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      Date
      2026
      Jenis/Type
      Tesis
      Subtype
      Theses
      Author
      Apriansyah, Ridwan
      Harianto
      Suryana, Achmad
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      Abstract
      Cadangan pangan pemerintah daerah (CPPD) merupakan salah satu instrumen penting dalam menjaga stabilitas harga-pangan di daerah. Beras merupakan komoditas pangan pokok terpenting dalam pola makan dan sosial ekonomi masyarakat, karena itu penelitian ini fokus membahas CPPD beras. Volume CPPD beras di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan acuan pemerintah pusat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kondisi pengelolaan CPPD beras di Provinsi NTB saat ini, mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan dan kinerja pengelolaan CPPD beras di provinsi NTB serta mengevaluasi efektivitas CPPD beras dalam menjaga stabilitas harga beras di Provinsi NTB. Penelitian dilakukan pada tingkat provinsi dan 10 kabupaten/kota dengan menggunakan data bulanan periode 2023-2025. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu data primer dan sekunder. Sumber data primer diperoleh melalui survei dan wawancara mendalam pada saat penelitian selama satu bulan dengan pemangku kepentingan di tingkat provinsi dan 3 kabupaten/kota yang dipilih secara purposive. Sumber data sekunder adalah Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Nasional dan NTB, Kementerian Pertanian, Badan Pangan Nasional (Bapanas), Dinas yang membidangi pangan dan pertanian provinsi, serta BULOG tingkat Nasional dan NTB. Data yang digunakan meliputi cadangan beras, produksi beras, harga beras, distribusi beras program pemerintah, pendapatan per kapita, dan instrumen lainya yang berkaitan dengan CPPD beras. Analisis kondisi pengelolaan CPPD dianalisis berdasarkan perhitungan kebutuhan CPPD yang dihitung secara regulatif berdasarkan pedoman pada Peraturan Bapanas No 3 Tahun 2025 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Badan Pangan Nasional No 15 Tahun 2023 tentang Tata Cara Perhitungan Jumlah Cadangan Beras Pemerintah Daerah. Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan dan kinerja dianalisis berdasarkan (1) landasan kebijakan nasional dan regulasi daerah, (2) dinamika harga pasar beras, termasuk intervensi distribusi beras SPHP ke pasar (operasi pasar) dan distribusi bantuan beras untuk masyarakat miskin. Evaluasi efektivitas CPPD beras dianalisis menggunakan Koefisien Variasi (Coefficient of Variation, CV) dan Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-Error Correction Model (ECM), kemudian diolah menggunakan perangkat lunak Microsoft Excel 21 dan Eviews 12. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan CPPD beras di Provinsi NTB saat ini berpedoman pada Peraturan Badan Pangan Nasional (Perbadan) No. 3 Tahun 2025, total kebutuhan CPPD beras Provinsi NTB pada tahun 2025 ditetapkan sebesar 666,78 ton, sementara realisasi CPPD beras sebesar 393,30 ton. Maka dengan demikian, proporsi yang dihasilkan terhadap pemenuhan CPPD beras Provinsi NTB pada tahun 2025 sebesar 58,98%. Capaian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa realisasi CPPD beras berjalan secara baik dan meningkat secara signifikan. Namun, tingkat pemenuhan terhadap kebutuhan secara normatif yang diamanatkan oleh Perbadan No. 3 Tahun 2025 tentang CPPD beras belum sepenuhnya terpenuhi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan dan kinerja (1) berpedoman pada Pergub No. 33 Tahun 2018 tentang Penjabaran Perubahan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah Provinsi Nusa Tengara Barat, Perbub No. 18.a Tahun 2017 tentang Pengelolaan Cadangan Pangan Pemerintah Kabupaten Lombok Tengah, Perbub No. 22 Tahun 2014 tentang Pengelolaan Cadangan Pangan Pemerintah Kabupaten Bima, dan Perwali No. 40 Tahun 2023 tentang Petunjuk Teknis Pengelolaan Operasional Cadangan Pangan Pemerintah Kota Bima. (2) Peningkatan disparitas harga menunjukkan mekanisme pasar di Provinsi NTB belum sepenuhnya mampu menyeimbangkan distribusi pasokan secara merata antar wilayah. Di samping itu, fluktuasi yang terjadi pada realisasi SPHP antar bulan di pasar NTB juga menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan ini bersifat adaptif terhadap dinamika distribusi, harga pasar, dan faktor struktural lainnya seperti akses distribusi serta efektivitas implementasi di lapangan. Selanjutnya, intervensi pemerintah cenderung bersifat reaktif terhadap dinamika jangka pendek pada tekanan inflasi atau gangguan pasokan dibandingkan berbasis perencanaan distribusi yang sistematis dan berkelanjutan di Provinsi NTB. Evaluasi efektivitas CPPD beras menggunakan Koefisien Variasi (Coefficient of Variation, CV) menunjukkan volatilitas harga beras premium dengan nilai CV turun menjadi sebesar 3,38% dan harga beras medium dengan nilai CV turun menjadi sebesar 2,52%, sehingga kedua nilai tersebut berada di bawah ambang batas 5%. Selanjutnya dengan Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) menunjukkan bahwa CPPD beras berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan Harga Beras di Provinsi NTB (HBNt) dalam jangka panjang dengan arah hubungan positif. Sementara itu, hasil Error Correction Model (ECM) menunjukkan bahwa CPPD beras tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perubahan Harga Beras di Provinsi NTB dalam jangka pendek (HBNt) Saran dan implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah CPPD beras di Provinsi NTB dan 10 kabupaten/kota di NTB seharusnya lebih diorientasikan pada fungsi stabilisasi harga melalui mekanisme pemanfaatan dan pelepasan cadangan yang lebih adaptif terhadap dinamika harga, tanpa mengabaikan fungsi penanganan kerawanan pangan, keadaan darurat dan bencana. Selain itu, Kebijakan pemerintah daerah Provinsi NTB dan 10 kabupaten/kota di NTB perlu diarahkan pada penguatan pemerintah pusat, sehingga peningkatan volume dan efektivitas pengelolaan CPPD beras dapat disesuaikan dengan acuan yang ditetapkan oleh Badan Pangan Nasional, dalam hal ini pemerintah pusat.
       
      Local government food reserves (LGFR) are an important instrument for maintaining food price stability in regions. Rice is the most important staple food in people's diets and socio-economies; therefore, this study focuses on discussing rice LGFR. The volume of rice LGFR in West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB) is well below the central government's reference. This study aims to describe the current management conditions of rice LGFR in NTB Province, identify and analyze the factors that affect the formation and performance of rice LGFR management, and evaluate the effectiveness of rice LGFR in maintaining rice price stability. The research was conducted at the provincial level and 10 districts/cities using monthly data for the 2023-2025 period. The study uses both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through surveys and in-depth interviews during a one-month study with stakeholders at the provincial level and in three purposively selected districts/cities. Secondary data sources include the BPS-Statistics Indonesia, BPS-NTB, the Ministry of Agriculture, the National Food Agency (Bapanas), the agency in charge of provincial food and agriculture, and BULOG at the national and NTB level. The data used include rice reserves, rice production, rice prices, rice distribution of government programs, per capita income, and other instruments related to rice LGFR. The analysis of LGFR management conditions is based on the calculation of LGFR needs, which are determined regulatively in accordance with the guidelines in Bapanas Regulation No. 3 of 2025 concerning Amendments to National Food Agency Regulation No. 15 of 2023 concerning Procedures for Calculating the Number of Regional Government Rice Reserves. The analysis of factors influencing the formation and performance was based on (1) the basis of national policies and regional regulations, (2) the dynamics of rice market prices, including the market operations and the distribution of rice assistance to poor households. The effectiveness of rice LGFR was evaluated using the Coefficient of Variation (CV) and the The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-Error Correction Model (ECM) was then processed using Microsoft Excel 21 and Eviews 12 software. The results of the study show that the management of rice LGFR in NTB Province is currently guided by the Bapanas Regulation No. 3 of 2025. The total rice LGFR needed for NTB Province in 2025 was set at 666.78 tons, while the realized rice LGFR was 393.30 tons. Thus, the proportion of rice produced that meets the LGFR in NTB Province in 2025 was 58.98%. This achievement shows that LGFR implementation is progressing well and has increased significantly. However, the level of fulfillment of the normative needs mandated by Bapanas Regulation No. 3 of 2025 concerning rice LGFR has not been fully met. Factors influencing the formation and performance (1) are guided by Governor Regulation No. 33/2018 concerning the Elaboration of Changes in the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget of NTB Province, the Mayor Regulation No. 18/2017 concerning the Management of Food Reserves of the Central Lombok Regency Government, the Mayor Regulation No. 22/2014 concerning the Management of Food Reserves of the Bima Regency Government, and The Mayor Regulation No. 40/2023 concerning Technical Guidelines for the Operational Management of Food Reserves of the Bima City Government. (2) The increase in price disparity shows that the market mechanism in NTB Province is not fully able to balance the distribution of supply evenly between regions. In addition, fluctuations in the realization of the food price and availability stabilization (SPHP) across months in the NTB market indicate that this policy is adaptive to distribution dynamics, market prices, and other structural factors, such as distribution access and the effectiveness of implementation in the field. Furthermore, government intervention tends to be reactive to short-term dynamics of inflationary pressures or supply disruptions, rather than grounded in systematic, sustainable distribution planning in NTB Province. The evaluation of the effectiveness of rice LGFR using the Coefficient of Variation (CV) showed that the price volatility of premium rice decreased to 3.38%, and that of medium rice decreased to 2.52%, both below the threshold of 5%. Furthermore, with the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) shows that rice CPPD has a significant effect on changes in Rice Prices in NTB Province (HBNt) in the long term with a positive relationship direction. Meanwhile, the results of the Error Correction Model (ECM) show that the rice CPPD does not have a significant effect on the change in rice prices in NTB Province in the short term (HBNt). The recommendations drawn from this study are that the rice LGFR in NTB Province and 10 districts/cities in NTB should be more oriented to the price stabilization function through a mechanism for the utilization and release of reserves that are more adaptive to price dynamics, without neglecting the function of handling food insecurity, emergencies and disasters. In addition, the policies of the local governments of NTB Province and 10 districts/cities in NTB need to be directed at strengthening the central government, so that the increase in the volume and effectiveness of rice LGFR management can be adjusted to the reference set by the National Food Agency, in this case the central government.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179842
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      • MF - Economic and Management [3344]

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