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      Analisis Bioaktivitas dan Potensi Farmakologis Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Bakteri Laut Rhodococcus ruber Secara in Vitro dan in Silico

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      Date
      2026
      Jenis/Type
      Tesis
      Subtype
      Theses
      Author
      Salsabila, Kania
      Falah, Syamsul
      Novianti, Ela
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      Abstract
      Mikroba saat ini memiliki kemampuan adaptasi yang tinggi hingga dapat membentuk biofilm yang memicu resistensi antimikroba, sehingga menjadikannya sebagai tantangan kesehatan global. Biofilm yang dibentuk oleh patogen klinis, tidak hanya meningkatkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik konvensional, tetapi juga memicu respons inflamasi kronis yang erat kaitannya dengan stres oksidatif akibat produksi radikal bebas berlebih. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa pengobatan infeksi tidak cukup hanya menargetkan bakteri penyebabnya, melainkan juga memerlukan senyawa terapeutik multifungsi yang mampu bekerja sebagai agen antibakteri, antibiofilm, antioksidan, sekaligus antiinflamasi, salah satunya berasal dari mikroorganisme laut. Rhodococcus ruber yang berasosiasi dengan anemon laut Heteractis magnifica menjadi kandidat yang menjanjikan karena kemampuannya dalam menghasilkan beragam metabolit sekunder. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi metabolit sekunder Rhodococcus ruber serta mengevaluasi potensi antibiofilm, antimikroba, antioksidan, dan antiinflamasinya melalui pendekatan in vitro dan in silico. Penelitian diawali dengan peremajaan, ekstraksi R. ruber, dan identifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder menggunakan GC-MS. Selanjutnya, ekstrak diuji secara in vitro meliputi aktivitas antibiofilm (crystal violet), antimikroba (well diffusion) terhadap E. coli dan P. aeruginosa, antioksidan (DPPH), serta antiinflamasi (BSA 0,1%). Aktivitas antiinflamasi kemudian dikonfirmasi melalui uji viabilitas sel (MTT) dan produksi NO (Griess) pada sel RAW 264.7 yang diinduksi LPS. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pendekatan in silico berupa skrining fisikokimia, prediksi toksisitas, dan molecular docking terhadap target antioksidan (KEAP1, SOD, dan CAT) serta antiinflamasi (COX-2, iNOS, dan TNF-a). Hasil GC-MS berhasil mengidentifikasi 40 senyawa dari ekstrak metanol R. ruber dengan senyawa dominan adalah octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione sebesar 33,40%. Ekstrak R. ruber menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 77,79% dan penghambatan antiinflamasi sebesar 61,19% pada konsentrasi 12 mg/mL. Aktivitas antibiofilm terhadap E. coli mencapai 61,71% pada konsentrasi 8 mg/mL, sedangkan terhadap P. aeruginosa tetap di bawah 50% karena matriks biofilm yang lebih kompleks. Sementara itu, tidak ditemukannya aktivitas antimikroba terhadap dua patogen tersebut. Viabilitas sel RAW 264.7 melebihi 90% hingga konsentrasi 0,08 mg/mL, dengan produksi NO berkurang secara optimal sebesar 78,58% (0,04 mg/mL). Skrining fisikokimia dan prediksi toksisitas dengan SwissADME dan ADMETlab 2.0 telah berhasil menyeleksi 40 senyawa menjadi 9 senyawa yang aman dan tidak toksik, sehingga dapat dilanjut ke tahap molecular docking. Hasil molecular docking mengungkapkan bahwa cyclo(phe-pro) dan cyclo(phe-val) menunjukkan kinerja yang lebih baik daripada asam askorbat dan diklofenak sodium terhadap KEAP1, SOD, dan CAT, serta COX-2, iNOS, dan TNF-a, yang menyimpulkan bahwa R. ruber berpotensi sebagai agen multitarget antioksidan dan antiinflamasi yang menjanjikan serta dapat dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut.
       
      Microorganisms currently possess a high capacity for adaptation, which enables them to form biofilms that promote antimicrobial resistance, thereby establishing them as a global health challenge. Biofilms formed by clinical pathogens not only increase resistance to conventional antibiotics but also trigger chronic inflammatory responses that are closely associated with oxidative stress resulting from excessive free radical production. This condition indicates that infection treatment cannot rely solely on targeting the causative bacteria, but also requires multifunctional therapeutic compounds capable of acting simultaneously as antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents, one of which can be derived from marine microorganisms. Rhodococcus ruber, which is associated with the sea anemone Heteractis magnifica, represents a promising candidate owing to its capacity to produce a diverse range of bioactive secondary metabolites. Therefore, this study aims to identify the secondary metabolites of Rhodococcus ruber and to evaluate its antibiofilm, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential through in vitro and in silico. The research began with subculturing, extraction of R. ruber, and identification of secondary metabolite compounds using GC-MS. The extract was then tested in vitro for antibiofilm activity (crystal violet assay), antimicrobial activity (well diffusion method) against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), and anti-inflammatory activity (0.1% BSA). The anti-inflammatory activity was subsequently confirmed through a cell viability assay (MTT) and nitric oxide (NO) production assay (Griess) using LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Next, an in silico approach was performed, comprising physicochemical screening, toxicity prediction, and molecular docking against antioxidant targets (KEAP1, SOD, and CAT) and anti-inflammatory targets (COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-a). GC-MS analysis identified 40 compounds in the methanol extract of R. ruber, with octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione as the dominant compound (33.40%). At 12 mg/mL, the extract showed 77.79% antioxidant activity and 61.19% anti-inflammatory inhibition. Antibiofilm activity reached 61.71% against E. coli (8 mg/mL) but remained below 50% against P. aeruginosa due to its more complex biofilm matrix, while no antimicrobial activity was observed against either pathogen. RAW 264.7 cell viability stayed above 90% up to 0.08 mg/mL, with NO production optimally reduced by 78.58% at 0.04 mg/mL. Physicochemical screening and toxicity prediction (SwissADME, ADMETlab 2.0) narrowed the 40 compounds down to 9 safe, non-toxic candidates for molecular docking. Docking results showed that cyclo(phe-pro) and cyclo(phe-val) outperformed ascorbic acid and diclofenac sodium against KEAP1, SOD, CAT, COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-a, indicating that R. ruber has potential as a promising multitarget antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent worth further investigation.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179749
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