Respons Komunitas Makrofauna Tanah terhadap Tiga Sistem Penggunaan Lahan di Kawasan Gunung Masurai, Jambi

Abstract

Sistem penggunaan lahan merupakan salah satu faktor yang menetukan karakteristik habitat dan proses-proses ekologis di dalam tanah sehingga berpengaruh terhadap struktur organisme tanah. Perubahan sistem penggunaan lahan dapat mengubah kondisi habitat tanah melalui perubahan tutupan vegetasi, masukan bahan organik, mikroklimat, serta karakteristik fisik dan kimia tanah. Kondisi tersebut selanjutnya dapat memengaruhi komunitas makrofauna tanah yang berperan dalam berbagai proses ekologis. Kawasan Gunung Masurai, Kabupaten Merangin, Jambi memiliki tiga sistem penggunaan lahan dengan karakteristik habitat yang berbeda, yaitu kopi monokultur, agroforestri kopi, dan hutan sekunder. Perbedaan kondisi tersebut berpotensi menghasilkan respons komunitas makrofauna yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbedaan karakteristik tanah dan lingkungan, respons komunitas makrofauna tanah, serta hubungan antara karakteristik tanah dengan komunitas makrofauna pada ketiga sistem penggunaan lahan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kawasan Gunung Masurai, Kecamatan Lembah Masurai, Kabupaten Merangin, Jambi menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Pada masing-masing sistem penggunaan lahan ditetapkan empat plot berukuran 50 m × 50 m dan setiap plot terdiri atas tiga subplot berukuran 5 m × 5 m, sehingga diperoleh 12 plot dan 36 subplot. Sampel makrofauna tanah dikumpulkan secara komplementer menggunakan metode hand sorting dan pitfall trap, sedangkan sampel tanah terganggu dan tidak terganggu diambil pada kedalaman 0–20 cm untuk analisis karakteristik fisik dan kimia tanah. Makrofauna diidentifikasi hingga tingkat famili. Data dari kedua metode pengambilan makrofauna digabungkan secara langsung pada setiap subplot untuk memperoleh kepadatan individu gabungan. Analisis komunitas meliputi kepadatan individu, indeks keanekaragaman, kelimpahan relatif, NMDS, PERMANOVA, SIMPER, keanekaragaman beta, kelompok fungsional, dan RDA. Karakteristik tanah dan lingkungan berbeda antar sistem penggunaan lahan. Kopi monokultur memiliki C-organik, P-tersedia, permeabilitas, suhu tanah, dan intensitas cahaya yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan hutan sekunder memiliki porositas, stabilitas agregat, dan K-tersedia yang lebih tinggi serta suhu tanah dan intensitas cahaya yang lebih rendah. Agroforestri kopi secara umum menunjukkan kondisi yang berada di antara kedua sistem tersebut. Sebanyak 44 famili makrofauna tanah ditemukan pada ketiga sistem penggunaan lahan. Kopi monokultur memiliki kepadatan individu tertinggi, sedangkan hutan sekunder memiliki keanekaragaman dan pemerataan individu antar famili yang lebih tinggi. Komposisi komunitas berbeda nyata antar sistem penggunaan lahan berdasarkan NMDS dan PERMANOVA, dengan Lumbricidae, Formicidae, Termitidae, dan Scarabaeidae sebagai famili yang berkontribusi terhadap perbedaan komposisi komunitas. Keanekaragaman beta menunjukkan bahwa total dissimilarity, turnover, dan nestedness berbeda antar sistem penggunaan lahan dan lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh komponen turnover. Berdasarkan kelompok fungsional, komunitas makrofauna didominasi oleh detritivor pada hutan sekunder dan kopi monokultur, sedangkan agroforestri kopi didominasi omnivor. Analisis RDA menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik tanah secara bersama-sama berasosiasi nyata dengan komposisi komunitas makrofauna, dengan K-tersedia dan stabilitas agregat menunjukkan asosiasi individual yang nyata. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, karakteristik tanah dan lingkungan berbeda antar sistem penggunaan lahan, komunitas makrofauna tanah memberikan respons yang berbeda pada ketiga sistem penggunaan lahan, dan perbedaan komunitas tersebut berasosiasi dengan karakteristik tanah, terutama K-tersedia dan stabilitas agregat.

Land-use systems are important determinants of soil habitat characteristics and ecological processes, thereby influencing soil biota communities. Changes in land-use systems can modify soil habitat conditions through changes in vegetation cover, organic matter inputs, microclimate, and soil physical and chemical properties. These changes may subsequently affect soil macrofauna communities, which play important roles in various soil ecological processes. The Gunung Masurai area, Merangin Regency, Jambi, comprises three land-use systems with distinct habitat characteristics: coffee monoculture, coffee agroforestry, and secondary forest. Differences in environmental conditions among these systems may result in different responses of soil macrofauna communities. This study aimed to analyze differences in soil and environmental characteristics, responses of soil macrofauna communities, and the relationships between soil characteristics and macrofauna communities across the three land-use systems. The study was conducted in the Gunung Masurai area, Lembah Masurai District, Merangin Regency, Jambi, using purposive sampling. Four plots measuring 50 m × 50 m were established in each land-use system, and each plot contained three subplots measuring 5 m × 5 m, resulting in a total of 12 plots and 36 subplots. Soil macrofauna were sampled using complementary hand sorting and pitfall trap methods, while disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–20 cm for the analysis of soil physical and chemical properties. Macrofauna were identified to the family level. Data obtained from the two sampling methods were directly combined within each subplot to calculate combined individual density. Community analyses included individual density, diversity indices, relative abundance, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER), beta diversity, functional groups, and redundancy analysis (RDA). Soil and environmental characteristics differed among the three land-use systems. Coffee monoculture had higher C-organic content, available P, permeability, soil temperature, and light intensity, whereas secondary forest had higher porosity, aggregate stability, and available K, as well as lower soil temperature and light intensity. Coffee agroforestry generally exhibited intermediate conditions between the two systems. A total of 44 soil macrofauna families were identified across the three land-use systems. Coffee monoculture had the highest individual density, whereas secondary forest exhibited higher diversity and greater evenness in the distribution of individuals among families. Community composition differed significantly among land-use systems based on NMDS and PERMANOVA, with Lumbricidae, Formicidae, Termitidae, and Scarabaeidae contributing substantially to differences in community composition. Beta diversity analysis showed differences in total dissimilarity, turnover, and nestedness among land-use systems, with turnover being the dominant component. Functional-group analysis showed that detritivores dominated the macrofauna communities in secondary forest and coffee monoculture, whereas omnivores dominated coffee agroforestry. RDA indicated that soil characteristics were significantly associated with macrofauna community composition as a whole, with available K and aggregate stability showing significant individual associations. Overall, soil and environmental characteristics differed among land-use systems, accompanied by distinct responses of soil macrofauna communities. The differences in macrofauna community composition were associated with soil characteristics, particularly available K and aggregate stability.