Kajian Program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) pada Kelompok Tani di Kota Bogor dan Kabupaten Cianjur

Abstract

RINGKASAN YULIA MAULANI. Kajian Program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) pada Kelompok Tani di Kota Bogor dan Kabupaten Cianjur. Dibimbing oleh MA’MUN SARMA dan NORA HERDIANA PANDJAITAN Program Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) adalah upaya pemerintah dalam menjaga ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dengan memanfaatkan pekarangan sebagai sumber pangan yang beragam, bergizi, seimbang, dan aman. Program ini mendorong kelompok tani membudidayakan komoditas pangan untuk dikonsumsi maupun dipasarkan. Keberlanjutannya dipengaruhi oleh kondisi internal kelompok tani serta faktor eksternal. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) Mengkaji hasil pelaksanaan Program P2L pada kelompok tani di Kota Bogor dan Kabupaten Cianjur, (2) Menganalisis faktor penghambat dan pendukung dalam keberhasilan kelompok tani yang telah mendapatkan Program Pangan Lestari (P2L), (3) Merumuskan alternatif dan menentukan prioritas strategi sebagai rekomendasi untuk mendukung keberlanjutan program pemanfaatan pekarangan di Kota Bogor dan Kabupaten Cianjur. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang didukung data kualitatif. Data primer diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan kuesioner kepada anggota kelompok tani penerima P2L, penyuluh pertanian, Kepala Bidang Hortikultura pada dinas terkait di Kota Bogor dan Kabupaten Cianjur, serta staf Kementerian Pertanian. Penelitian melibatkan 20 kelompok tani, masing-masing 10 kelompok di Kota Bogor dan Kabupaten Cianjur. Hasil kuesioner pada kelompok tani dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan hasil pelaksanaan program dan manfaat program. Faktor internal dan eksternal dianalisis menggunakan matriks internal factor evaluation (IFE) dan external factor evaluation (EFE), kemudian dipetakan pada matriks internal-eksternal (IE). Hasilnya kemudian dianalisis lebih lanjut dengan analisis strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) untuk merumuskan alternatif strategi, serta quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) untuk menetapkan prioritas strategi pengembangan program pemanfaatan pekarangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Program P2L mendukung pemanfaatan pekarangan, ketersediaan pangan rumah tangga, serta kegiatan sosial dan lingkungan kelompok tani. Di Kota Bogor, capaian aspek ekonomi sebesar 73,60% dengan kategori baik, sosial dan lingkungan sebesar 84,53% dengan kategori sangat baik, serta ketahanan pangan sebesar 76,53% dengan kategori baik. Di Kabupaten Cianjur, capaian aspek ekonomi sebesar 69,07%, sosial dan lingkungan sebesar 77,47%, dan ketahanan pangan sebesar 78,80%, yang seluruhnya berada pada kategori baik. Manfaat ekonomi dirasakan melalui penghematan pengeluaran pangan di Kabupaten Cianjur dan pemanfaatan hasil panen di Kota Bogor. Manfaat sosial-lingkungan tampak melalui kerja sama kelompok, sementara manfaat ketahanan pangan terlihat dari peningkatan akses pangan rumah tangga di kedua wilayah. Keberhasilan pelaksanaan program didukung oleh partisipasi anggota, potensi dan kondisi lahan, ketersediaan sarana produksi, dukungan pemerintah dan penyuluh, serta peluang pemanfaatan teknologi dan kerja sama dengan berbagai pihak. Hambatan berkaitan dengan kapasitas internal kelompok, yang mencakup kelembagaan, keterampilan teknis, adopsi teknologi, pemasaran, dan regenerasi anggota, serta faktor eksternal berupa perubahan iklim dan alih fungsi lahan. Analisis faktor internal menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan menjadi kekuatan utama dengan skor tertimbang 0,465, diikuti partisipasi aktif kelompok tani sebesar 0,419. Kelemahan utama terdapat pada kelembagaan kelompok yang belum optimal dengan skor 0,231 dan keterampilan teknis yang masih terbatas sebesar 0,213. Analisis faktor eksternal menunjukan dukungan program pemerintah terhadap ketahanan pangan menjadi peluang utama dengan skor 0,430, sedangkan alih fungsi lahan pertanian dan pekarangan menjadi ancaman utama dengan skor 0,446, diikuti keterbatasan keberlanjutan pelatihan dan pendampingan dengan skor 0,316. Hasil analisis menghasilkan skor IFE sebesar 2,52 dan EFE sebesar 2,74, sehingga menempatkan kelompok penerima P2L pada Sel V Matriks IE, yaitu posisi hold and maintain. Posisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi internal dan eksternal program berada pada tingkat sedang dan menjadi dasar penyusunan rekomendasi untuk mempertahankan serta memperkuat kegiatan yang telah berjalan. Analisis SWOT menghasilkan lima alternatif strategi, yaitu (1) optimalisasi pekarangan melalui urban farming, (2) pemanfaatan dukungan pemerintah/ stakeholder dan teknologi pertanian untuk meningkatkan produksi pangan, (3) peningkatan pelatihan dan pendampingan kelompok, (4) pengembangan budidaya yang adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim dan alih fungsi lahan serta (5) penguatan kelembagaan dan regenerasi petani muda. Strategi tersebut kemudian diprioritaskan melalui QSPM. Hasil QSPM menunjukkan bahwa prioritas strategi utama untuk program P2L adalah pemanfaatan dukungan pemerintah/stakeholder dan teknologi pertanian untuk meningkatkan produksi pangan, dengan sum total attractiveness score (STAS) sebesar 6,213. Prioritas berikutnya adalah peningkatan pelatihan dan pendampingan kelompok tani dengan STAS 5,738, penguatan kelembagaan dan regenerasi dengan STAS 5,677, optimalisasi pemanfaatan lahan dan urban farming dengan STAS 5,663, serta pengembangan budidaya adaptif terhadap perubahan iklim dan alih fungsi lahan dengan STAS 5,499. Pelaksanaannya memerlukan sinergi antara kelompok tani, penyuluh, pemerintah daerah, Kementerian Pertanian, dan pemangku kepentingan lainnya.

SUMMARY YULIA MAULANI. A Study on the Sustainable Food Yard Program among Farmer Groups in Bogor City and Cianjur Regency. Supervised by MA’MUN SARMA and NORA HERDIANA PANDJAITAN. The Sustainable Food Yard Program (Pekarangan Pangan Lestari/P2L) is a government initiative aimed at strengthening household food security by utilizing home yards as sources of diverse, nutritious, balanced, and safe food. The program encourages farmer groups to cultivate food commodities for household consumption and commercial purposes. Its sustainability is influenced by the internal capacity of farmer groups as well as external factors. This study aimed to: (1) asses the implementation outcomes of the Sustainable Food Yard Program (P2L) among farmer groups in Bogor City and Cianjur Regency, (2) analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors affecting the success of farmer groups that have received assistance under the Sustainable Food Yard Program (P2L) and (3) formulate alternative strategies and determine strategic priorities as recommendations to support the sustainability of food yard utilization programs in Bogor City and Cianjur Regency. This research employed a quantitative approach supported by qualitative data. Primary data were collected through observations, interviews, and questionnaires administered to members of P2L recipient farmer groups, agricultural extension officers, heads of horticulture divisions at the relevant government agencies in Bogor City and Cianjur Regency, and staff members of the Ministry of Agriculture. The study involved 20 farmer groups, comprising 10 groups in Bogor City and 10 groups in Cianjur Regency. Results of the questionnaire administered to farmer group respondents were analyzed descriptively to characterize program implementation and benefits. Internal and external factors were evaluated using the internal factor evaluation (IFE) dan external factor evaluation (EFE) and then mapped in the internal–external (IE) matrix. The result were further analyzed using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis to formulate alternative strategies, and the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) to establish priorities strategies for program development strategies. The findings indicate that the Sustainable Food Yard Program contributes to the utilization of household yards, household food availability, and the social and environmental activities of farmer groups. In Bogor City, the economic aspect achieved 73.60% and categorized as good, the social and environmental aspect achieved 84.53% and categorized as very good, while the food security aspect achieved 76.53% and categorized as good. In Cianjur Regency, the economic aspect achieved 69.07% and categorized as good, the social and environmental aspect achieved 77.47% and categorized as good, while the food security aspect achieved 78.80% and categorized as good. Economic benefits were reflected in reduced household food expenditure in Cianjur Regency and the utilization of harvested produce in Bogor City. Social and environmental benefits were demonstrated through strengthened group cooperation, while food security benefits were evident in improved household access to food in both regions. The success of the program was supported by member participation, land potential and conditions, the availability of production inputs, support from the government and agricultural extension workers, as well as opportunities for technology utilization and collaboration with various stakeholders. The main constraints were related to the internal capacity of farmer groups, including institutional capacity, technical skills, technology adoption, marketing, and member regeneration, as well as external factors such as climate change and land-use change. The internal factor analysis showed that optimizing the use of home-yard land was the main strength, with a weighted score of 0,465, followed by active participation of farmer groups with a score of 0,419. The main weaknesses were suboptimal group institutional capacity, with a weighted score of 0,231, and limited technical skills, with a score of 0,213. The external factor analysis showed that government program support for food security was the main opportunity, with a weighted score of 0,430, while the conversion of agricultural and home-yard land was the main threat, with a score of 0,446, followed by limited continuity of training and assistance with a score of 0,316. The analysis resulted in an IFE score of 2,52 and an EFE score of 2,74, placing the P2L recipient farmer groups in Cell V of the IE Matrix, corresponding to the hold and maintain position. This position indicates moderate internal and external conditions and provides the basis for recommendations to maintain and strengthen ongoing activities. The SWOT analysis generated five alternative strategies (1) optimizing household yards through urban farming, (2) utilizing government support, stakeholder involvement, and agricultural technology to increase food production, (3) strengthening training and assistance for farmer groups, (4) developing cultivation practices that are, adaptive to climate change and land-use change and (5) strengthening institutional capacity and the regeneration of young farmers. These alternatives were subsequently prioritized using QSPM. The QSPM results showed that main strategic priorities for P2L program was the utilization of government / stakeholder support, and agricultural technology to increase food production as the highest-priority development strategy, with a sum total attractiveness score (STAS) of 6,213. The subsequent priorities were improving training and assistance for farmer groups with a STAS of 5,738, strengthening institutional capacity and regeneration with a STAS of 5,677, optimizing land use and urban farming with a STAS of 5,663, and developing adaptive cultivation practices in response to climate change and land-use change with a STAS of 5,499. Implementing this recommendation would require synergy among farmer groups, agricultural extension workers, local governments, the Ministry of Agriculture, and other relevant stakeholders.