Respons Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Tanaman Bawang Merah Varietas Bauji (Allium Cepa L.) terhadap Kombinasi Pemupukan

Abstract

Penurunan kesuburan tanah dapat terjadi akibat penggunaan lahan secara intensif dan pemupukan yang tidak diimbangi dengan pengelolaan bahan organik. Pemantauan status kesuburan tanah diperlukan untuk mengetahui perubahan ketersediaan unsur hara selama budidaya serta menjadi dasar dalam menentukan strategi pemupukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perubahan status kesuburan tanah dan respons pertumbuhan serta produktivitas bawang merah varietas Bauji terhadap pemberian kompos, kompos + pupuk organik cair (POC), dan kompos + pupuk NPK dengan memanfaatkan teknologi Internet of Things (IoT). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Oktober 2025–Januari 2026 di Kebun Percobaan Demen Riset PT Petrokimia Gresik, Kabupaten Gresik. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) faktor tunggal dengan tiga perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Parameter yang diamati meliputi kandungan nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), kalium (K), pH, kelembapan, dan suhu tanah, serta parameter pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan N dan P tanah mengalami penurunan setelah budidaya pada seluruh perlakuan, sedangkan K relatif lebih mampu dipertahankan pada perlakuan kompos + NPK. Perlakuan kompos + NPK juga menghasilkan respons pertumbuhan dan hasil yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kompos maupun kompos + POC. Rata-rata tinggi daun, jumlah daun, jumlah umbi, bobot basah, bobot kering, dan bobot umbi menunjukkan nilai tertinggi pada perlakuan kompos + NPK. Produktivitas bawang merah pada perlakuan kompos + NPK mencapai 4,30 ton ha?¹, lebih tinggi dibandingkan kompos sebesar 3,32 ton ha?¹ dan kompos + POC sebesar 3,21 ton ha?¹. Analisis usahatani menunjukkan nilai R/C ratio berturut-turut sebesar 1,38; 1,27; dan 1,59, sehingga ketiga perlakuan masih memberikan keuntungan, dengan nilai tertinggi diperoleh pada kompos + NPK. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi kompos dan pupuk NPK merupakan perlakuan yang paling baik dalam mendukung pertumbuhan, hasil, produktivitas, dan kelayakan usahatani bawang merah varietas Bauji pada penelitian ini.

Soil fertility decline may occur as a result of intensive land use and fertilization practices that are not balanced with adequate organic matter management. Monitoring soil fertility status is necessary to identify changes in nutrient availability during crop cultivation and to provide a basis for developing appropriate fertilization strategies. This study aimed to analyze changes in soil fertility status and the growth and productivity responses of Bauji shallot to the application of compost, compost + liquid organic fertilizer (LOF), and compost + NPK fertilizer using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The research was conducted from October 2025 to January 2026 at the Demen Experimental Farm, Research Center of PT Petrokimia Gresik, Gresik Regency. The experiment employed a single-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) consisting of three treatments and three replications. The observed parameters included soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), pH, moisture, and temperature, as well as plant growth and yield parameters. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that soil N and P contents decreased after cultivation under all treatments, whereas K was relatively better maintained under the compost + NPK treatment. The compost + NPK treatment also produced higher plant growth and yield responses than the compost and compost + LOF treatments. The highest values of leaf height, number of leaves, number of bulbs, fresh weight, dry weight, and bulb weight were obtained under the compost + NPK treatment. Shallot productivity under the compost + NPK treatment reached 4.30 tons ha?¹, compared with 3.32 tons ha?¹ under compost and 3.21 tons ha?¹ under compost + LOF. The farm economic analysis resulted in R/C ratios of 1.38, 1.27, and 1.59, respectively, indicating that all treatments were economically profitable, with the highest value obtained from the compost + NPK treatment. These results indicate that the combination of compost and NPK fertilizer was the most effective treatment for supporting the growth, yield, productivity, and economic feasibility of Bauji shallot under the conditions of this study.