Perancangan dan Implementasi IoT Gateway Berbasis MQTT dengan Mekanisme Store and Forward pada Automatic Weather Station

Abstract

Penerapan Automatic Weather Station (AWS) di lokasi terpencil sering terkendala gangguan jaringan dan server, yang berpotensi menghilangkan data telemetri. Penelitian ini merancang dan mengimplementasikan Internet of Things (IoT) gateway berbasis MQTT dengan mekanisme Store and Forward (SnF) berbasis mikrokontroler ATmega2560, flash memory W25QXX 4 MB, GSM SIM900A, RTC DS3231, konverter MAX485, dan sensor DHT22. Sisi server berbasis Docker menjalankan Eclipse Mosquitto, Node-RED, PostgreSQL, dan Grafana. Pengujian pada 6 sampai 10 Juli 2026 menunjukkan seluruh 4111 paket data berhasil ditransmisikan dengan 71% adalah data real-time dan 29% adalah data recovery. Audit memori 4 MB mencatat kapasitas 233016 paket data dengan daya tahan offline 161,8 sampai 323,6 hari pada interval 1 sampai 2 menit. Mekanisme SnF terbukti efektif menjaga integritas data AWS.

The deployment of Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) in remote locations is often hampered by network and server disruptions, which can potentially result in the loss of telemetry data. This study designs and implements an MQTT-based Internet of Things (IoT) gateway with a Store and Forward (SnF) mechanism using an ATmega2560 microcontroller, 4 MB W25QXX flash memory, a GSM SIM900A module, a DS3231 RTC, a MAX485 converter, and a DHT22 sensor. The Docker-based server side runs Eclipse Mosquitto, Node-RED, PostgreSQL, and Grafana. Testing conducted from July 6 to 10, 2026, showed that all 4111 data packets were successfully transmitted, with 71% being real-time data and 29% being recovery data. A 4 MB memory audit recorded a capacity of 233016 data packets with an offline endurance of 161,8 to 323,6 days at intervals of 1 to 2 minutes. The SnF mechanism proved effective in maintaining AWS data integrity.