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      Sintesis, Karakterisasi, dan Efikasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Daun Bugemvil untuk Mengendalikan Peanut Mottle Virus dan Vektornya Aphis craccivora Koch.

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      Date
      2026
      Jenis/Type
      Tesis
      Subtype
      Theses
      Author
      Luqmana, Athifa Balqis
      Damayanti, Tri Asmira
      Santoso, Sugeng
      Akhiruddin
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      Abstract
      Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV) merupakan salah satu virus utama yang berasosiasi dengan penyakit belang pada tanaman kacang tanah di Indonesia. Infeksi virus ini menyebabkan kerugian hasil yang signifikan dan diperparah oleh keberadaan vektor kutu daun Aphis craccivora Koch. Pengelolaan penyakit berbasis bahan alami seperti ekstrak daun bugenvil (EDB) telah dilaporkan efektif, namun efisiensinya masih perlu ditingkatkan salah satunya dalam bentuk formulasi nanopartikel. Nanopartikel (NP) berbasis ekstrak tumbuhan berpotensi meningkatkan stabilitas, efikasi, dan kemudahan aplikasi sebagai agen antivirus dan nano-bioinsektisida. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis nanopartikel ekstrak daun bugenvil (EDB-NP), mengarakterisasi, serta mengevaluasi efikasinya dalam mengendalikan PeMoV dan vektornya A. craccivora. Sintesis EDB-NP dilakukan berbasis alginat dengan penambahan surfaktan Tween-80 pada konsentrasi 1%, 2%, dan 4% dan dengan atau tanpa ultrasonikasi dalam proses pembuatannya. Karakterisasi nanopartikel dilakukan menggunakan low-resolution transmission electron microscope (LR-TEM) dan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Efikasi EDB-NP terhadap PeMoV diuji pada tanaman kacang tanah di rumah kaca melalui aplikasi sebelum inokulasi virus oleh kutu daun vektor viruliferous. Peubah yang diamati meliputi periode inkubasi, gejala penyakit, insidensi dan keparahan penyakit, titer virus, aktivitas enzim pertahanan tanaman polifenol oksidase (PPO) dan peroksidase (POD), kadar klorofil, dan hasil panen. Selain itu, pengujian juga dilakukan terhadap preferensi makan (choice test) dan mortalitas kutu daun (insektisidal) A. craccivora untuk mengevaluasi efek non preferensi dan insektisidal EDB-NP. Peubah yang diamati yaitu jumlah kutu daun yang mendatangi tiap tanaman perlakuan dan mortalitas kutu daun pada 12, 24, dan 48 jam setelah penyemprotan EDB-NP. Hasil pengujian dibandingkan dengan kontrol tanpa perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa EDB-NP berhasil disintesis dengan ukuran partikel berkisar antara 12–26 nm dan berbentuk sferis. Analisis FTIR mengindikasikan keberadaan gugus fungsi hidroksil, alkana, amida, dan eter yang berasal dari senyawa aktif ekstrak daun bugenvil. Formulasi sintesis tidak mengubah komposisi gugus fungsi utama, namun berhasil memperkecil ukuran partikel dibandingkan penelitian sebelumnya (163,68 nm). Perlakuan dengan konsentrasi surfaktan tinggi baik tanpa atau dengan proses ultrasonikasi (EDB-NPTW40 dan EDB-NPTW45) mampu menurunkan insidensi penyakit, memperpanjang periode inkubasi hingga 20–28 hari, menurunkan keparahan penyakit hingga 71,3%, serta menekan titer virus dengan keefektifan lebih dari 60%. Perlakuan tersebut juga meningkatkan aktivitas enzim pertahanan tanaman, khususnya PPO dan POD, mampu mempertahankan kadar klorofil dan menunjukkan hasil panen sebanding dengan tanaman kontrol sehat. Pembuktian efek non preferensi EDB-NP terhadap kutu daun menunjukkan EDB-NP yang disintesis dengan konsentrasi surfaktan tinggi (EDB-NPTW25-TW45) secara signifikan menurunkan jumlah kutu daun yang mendatangi pada tanaman perlakuan. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya efek non preferensi pada EDB-NP terhadap kutu daun. Aplikasi langsung EDB-NP terhadap kutu daun mampu menyebabkan mortalitas kutu daun berkisar 30–78,75% pada 48 jam setelah perlakuan, dengan mortalitas tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan EDB-NPTW40-TW45. Hal ini mengindikasikan aktivitas insektisidal EDB-NP dan keefektifan perlakuan yang lebih tinggi pada nanopartikel yang disintesis dengan konsentrasi surfaktan yang lebih tinggi. Secara keseluruhan, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sintesis EDB-NP dengan konsentrasi surfaktan yang diuji (EDB-NPTW25-TW45) mampu menghasilkan nanopartikel berukuran <100 nm tanpa mengubah komposisi kimia utama EDB. Aplikasi EDB-NP efektif dalam mengendalikan PeMoV melalui kombinasi mekanisme sebagai penginduksi ketahanan tanaman, bersifat non preferensi, dan bioinsektisida terhadap kutu daun vektor. Peningkatan konsentrasi surfaktan yang dikombinasikan dengan proses ultrasonikasi terbukti meningkatkan efikasi EDB-NP dalam menekan infeksi PeMoV dan populasi kutu daun vektor.
       
      Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV) is one of the major viruses associated with mottle disease in peanut plants in Indonesia. Infection by this virus causes significant yield losses and is exacerbated by the presence of the aphid vector Aphis craccivora Koch. Disease management using natural materials, such as bougainvillea leaf extract (BLE), has been reported to be effective; however, its efficiency still needs improvement, including through nanoparticle formulation. Plant extract-based nanoparticles (NPs) have the potential to improve stability, efficacy, and ease of application as antiviral agents and nano-bioinsecticides. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize bougainvillea leaf extract nanoparticles (BLE-NPs), characterize them, and evaluate their efficacy in controlling PeMoV and its vector, A. craccivora. BLE-NPs were synthesized using an alginate-based formulation with the addition of Tween-80 surfactant at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 4%, with and without ultrasonication during the synthesis process. Nanoparticle characterization was performed using a low-resolution transmission electron microscope (LR-TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The efficacy of BLE-NPs against PeMoV was tested on peanut plants in a greenhouse by applying them before virus inoculation via viruliferous aphid vectors. The observed variables included incubation period, disease symptoms, disease incidence and severity, virus titer, activities of the plant defense enzymes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), chlorophyll content, and yield. In addition, tests were also conducted on feeding preference (choice test) and mortality (insecticidal activity) of A. craccivora to evaluate the non-preference and insecticidal effects of BLE-NPs. The observed variables were the number of aphids visiting each treated plant and aphid mortality at 12, 24, and 48 hours after BLE-NP spraying. The results were compared with those of the untreated control. The results showed that BLE-NPs were successfully synthesized with particle sizes ranging from 12 to 26 nm and spherical morphology. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of hydroxyl, alkane, amide, and ether functional groups originating from the active compounds of bougainvillea leaf extract. The synthesis formulation did not alter the composition of the main functional groups but successfully reduced the particle size compared with that reported in a previous study (163,68 nm). Treatments with high surfactant concentrations, both without and with ultrasonication (BLE-NPTW40 and BLE-NPTW45), reduced disease incidence, prolonged the incubation period to 20–28 days, reduced disease severity by up to 71,3%, and suppressed virus titer with more than 60% effectiveness. These treatments also increased the activity of plant defense enzymes, particularly PPO and POD, maintained chlorophyll content, and yielded results comparable to those of healthy control plants. Evidence of the non-preference effect of BLE-NPs on aphids showed that BLE-NPs synthesized with high surfactant concentrations (BLE-NPTW25–TW45) significantly reduced the number of aphids visiting the treated plants. This indicates a non-preference effect of BLE-NPs on aphids. Direct application of BLE-NPs to aphids caused aphid mortality ranging from 30–78,75% at 48 hours after treatment, with the highest mortality observed in the BLE-NPTW40–TW45 treatments. This indicates the insecticidal activity of BLE-NPs and the higher effectiveness of treatments with nanoparticles synthesized using higher surfactant concentrations. Overall, the results of the study show that the synthesis of BLE-NPs using the tested surfactant concentrations (BLE-NPTW25–TW45) produced nanoparticles <100 nm in size without altering the main chemical composition of BLE. The application of BLE-NPs was effective in controlling PeMoV through a combination of mechanisms, including induction of plant resistance, non-preference, and bioinsecticidal activity against the aphid vector. Increasing the surfactant concentration, combined with ultrasonication, was shown to enhance the efficacy of BLE-NPs in suppressing PeMoV infection and aphid vector populations.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179525
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