| dc.description.abstract | ILHAM. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Perikanan Pelagis Kecil di WPPNRI 712. Dibimbing oleh YONVITNER, MENNOFATRIA BOER, RAHMAT KURNIA, dan ZAIRION.
Perikanan pelagis kecil di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia 712 (WPPNRI 712), merupakan salah satu perikanan strategis nasional yang menyangga ketahanan pangan dan penghidupan ribuan nelayan. Berdasarkan beberapa hasil riset, tingkat pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan pelagis kecil di kawasan ini telah berada pada status fully exploited. Kondisi tersebut menuntut analisis mendalam berbasis data empiris guna mendukung kebijakan pengelolaan yang adaptif dan berkelanjutan, namun kajian terpadu yang mengintegrasikan data operasional penangkapan, parameter biologi perikanan, dan kerangka pengambilan keputusan secara sistematis masih terbatas.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis status pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan pelagis kecil di WPPNRI 712 periode 2018-2022 berdasarkan data elektronik logbook penangkapan ikan, (2) menganalisis kondisi biologis populasi ikan pelagis kecil berdasarkan parameter biologi perikanan; dan (3) menyusun model Decision Support System (DSS) berbasis indikator status pemanfaatan dan biologi perikanan untuk menghasilkan rekomendasi kebijakan pengelolaan. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder dari sistem e-logbook penangkapan ikan periode 2018-2022, serta data primer biologi yang dikumpulkan dari empat lokasi pendaratan, yaitu Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Nizam Zachman, Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Pekalongan, Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Bajomulyo, dan Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan Kluwut. Analisis status pemanfaatan mencakup laju tangkap per upaya (CPUE), tren tangkapan, sebaran spasial, dan pemodelan surplus produksi menggunakan lima model. Analisis biologi meliputi hubungan panjang-bobot, faktor kondisi, nisbah kelamin, tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG), fekunditas, isi lambung, serta luas dan tumpang tindih relung ekologi. DSS dibangun menggunakan pembobotan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) atas 16 indikator dan perankingan skenario melalui metode Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), dengan seluruh nilai rasio konsistensi di bawah 0,10.
Hasil analisis pemanfaatan menunjukkan bahwa 17 jenis alat tangkap beroperasi di WPPNRI 712, dengan bouke ami mendominasi sebesar 34,30 - 44,77% total trip. Pada tahun 2022, jaring tarik berkantong muncul sebagai substitusi cantrang dengan 17,39% trip. Total produksi berkisar antara 81.261 ton sampai 134.984 ton per tahun dengan rata-rata 93.490 ton per tahun. Komposisi tangkapan mengalami pergeseran nyata: dominasi genus Decapterus meningkat tajam hingga 92,84% pada 2022 (D. russelli 62,06% dan D. macarellus 30,78%), sementara lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) mengalami penurunan dari 30,00% pada 2018 menjadi kurang dari 2% pada 2022. CPUE seluruh spesies menunjukkan tren menurun, dengan penurunan paling tajam pada kembung lelaki (-13,759 ton/trip/tahun) dan paling konsisten pada selar (R²=0,84). Pemodelan surplus produksi mengidentifikasi kembung perempuan mengalami overfishing (produksi aktual melampaui maximum sustainable yield, R²=81,78%), selar mengalami growth overfishing (upaya aktual melampaui upaya optimum, R²=83,68%), sedangkan layang menunjukkan fluktuasi antara underfishing dan overfishing yang memerlukan pengelolaan adaptif. Status agregat WPPNRI 712 ditetapkan sebagai fully exploited dengan estimasi potensi 275.486 ton per tahun dan jumlah tangkapan yang diperbolehkan sebesar 247.937 ton per tahun.
Analisis biologi perikanan mengungkap sejumlah temuan orisinal. Sebanyak 85,2% kelompok spesies, lokasi, jenis kelamin menunjukkan pola alometri negatif (koefisien b < 3), mengindikasikan pertumbuhan panjang yang melebihi pertumbuhan bobot sebagai cerminan tekanan pakan dan/atau eksploitasi intensif. Kondisi kritis berupa panjang rata-rata tangkapan (Lc) yang lebih kecil dari panjang pertama kali matang gonad (Lm) teridentifikasi secara spesifik per kombinasi lokasi-spesies-jenis kelamin untuk pertama kalinya di WPPNRI 712, meliputi kembung lelaki betina di PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=138,95 mm < Lm=202,5 mm), selar jantan di PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=122,32 mm < Lm=161,5 mm), selar betina di PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=141,03 mm < Lm=161,5 mm), dan selar jantan di PP Kluwut (Lc=128,3 mm < Lm=148,5 mm), yang menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar individu tertangkap sebelum sempat bereproduksi. Perbedaan kontras antara dominasi TKG mature (stadium 3 - 4) di PPP Bajomulyo dengan dominasi TKG immature (stadium 1-2) di PPS Nizam Zachman mencerminkan heterogenitas spasial populasi yang sebelumnya tidak terkarakterisasi, dan berkaitan erat dengan perbedaan karakteristik armada serta daerah tangkap masing-masing pelabuhan. Fekunditas berkorelasi positif dengan ukuran tubuh sehingga hilangnya individu besar dari populasi secara langsung mengurangi kapasitas reproduktif total stok. Tumpang tindih relung antara kembung perempuan dan kembung lelaki tergolong sedang (0,58 - 0,63) dengan kopepoda sebagai pakan utama bersama (indeks propenderan >70%), mengindikasikan potensi kompetisi interspesifik yang dapat intensif saat kelimpahan pakan menurun.
Model DSS yang dibangun mengintegrasikan 16 indikator biologi dan pemanfaatan dalam satu kerangka analitik tervalidasi, integrasi pertama dalam skala ini untuk perikanan pelagis kecil WPPNRI 712. Dua indikator dengan bobot kritis adalah penurunan CPUE kembung lelaki sebesar 83% dalam lima tahun dan kondisi Lc < Lm pada empat spesies di lokasi-lokasi tertentu. Skenario pengelolaan berbasis pendekatan ekosistem (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries) memperoleh nilai koefisien kedekatan TOPSIS tertinggi sebesar 0,92, menjadikannya prioritas utama rekomendasi kebijakan jangka panjang. Implikasi pengelolaan yang mendesak mencakup : moratorium penambahan unit penangkapan di WPPNRI 712, penetapan ukuran minimum tangkapan tidak kurang dari Lm per spesies, penerapan kawasan perlindungan musiman di hotspot konsentrasi upaya, pelaksanaan kajian khusus lemuru sebagai spesies indikator degradasi ekosistem, pemantauan ketat dan kajian bycatch jaring tarik berkantong. Dalam jangka panjang, transisi menuju pengelolaan berbasis ekosistem dan pengembangan DSS sebagai sistem hidup yang diperbarui secara berkala merupakan langkah strategis yang tidak dapat ditunda guna memastikan keberlanjutan sumber daya ikan pelagis kecil WPPNRI 712.
Kata kunci: biologi perikanan, decision support system, pelagis kecil, status pemanfaatan, WPPNRI 712 | |
| dc.description.abstract | ILHAM. Decision Support System for the Management of Small Pelagic Fisheries Resources in WPPNRI 712. Supervised by YONVITNER, MENNOFATRIA BOER, RAHMAT KURNIA, and ZAIRION.
Small pelagic fisheries in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area 712 (WPPNRI 712), encompassing the Java Sea and its surrounding waters, constitute one of the nation's most strategically important fisheries, underpinning food security and the livelihoods of thousands of fishers. Based on several research findings, the utilization level of small pelagic fish resources in this area has reached a fully exploited status. This condition necessitates in-depth, empirically grounded analyses to support adaptive and sustainable management policies; however, integrated studies that systematically consolidate operational catch data, fisheries biological parameters, and decision-making frameworks remain limited.
This study aimed to: (1) analyze the exploitation status of small pelagic fish resources in WPPNRI 712 for the period 2018–2022 based on electronic fishing logbook data; (2) analyze the biological condition of small pelagic fish populations based on fisheries biology parameters; and (3) develop a Decision Support System (DSS) model based on exploitation status and fisheries biology indicators to generate fisheries management policy recommendations. Secondary data were obtained from the electronic fishing logbook system covering the period 2018–2022, while primary biological data were collected from four major landing sites: Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port (PPS), Pekalongan Nusantara Fishing Port (PPN), Bajomulyo Coastal Fishing Port (PPP), and Kluwut Fish Landing Base (PPI). Exploitation status analyses encompassed catch per unit effort (CPUE), catch trends, spatial distribution, and surplus production modeling using five models. Biological analyses included length-weight relationships, condition factor, sex ratio, gonad maturity stage (GMS), fecundity, stomach content, and ecological niche breadth and overlap. The DSS was constructed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) weighting of 16 indicators and scenario ranking through the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, with all consistency ratio values below 0.10.
Exploitation analysis revealed that 17 types of fishing gear operate in WPPNRI 712, with bouke ami dominating at 34.30–44.77% of total fishing trips. In 2022, bag seine nets emerged as a substitute for cantrang, accounting for 17.39% of trips. Total production ranged from 81,261 to 134,984 tonnes per year, with an annual average of 93,490 tonnes. Catch composition underwent a marked structural shift: the dominance of genus Decapterus increased sharply to 92.84% in 2022 (D. russelli at 62.06% and D. macarellus at 30.78%), while bali sardinella (Sardinella lemuru) declined from 30.00% in 2018 to less than 2% in 2022. CPUE for all species exhibited declining trends, with the sharpest decline in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) at -13.759 tonnes/trip/year and the most consistent decline in oxeye scad (Selaroides leptolepis, R²=0.84). Surplus production modeling identified shortbodied mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) as experiencing overfishing (actual production exceeding maximum sustainable yield, R²=81.78%), oxeye scad as experiencing growth overfishing (actual effort exceeding optimum effort, R²=83.68%), while layang scad exhibited fluctuations between underfishing and overfishing conditions requiring adaptive management. The aggregate status of WPPNRI 712 was designated fully exploited, with an estimated sustainable yield of 275,486 tonnes per year and a total allowable catch of 247,937 tonnes per year.
Fisheries biological analyses revealed a number of original findings. A total of 85.2% of species-location-sex groups exhibited negative allometric growth patterns (coefficient b < 3), indicating that length growth exceeded weight growth as a reflection of persistent feeding pressure and/or intensive exploitation. The critical condition of mean catch length (Lc) falling below length at first maturity (Lm) was identified for the first time in WPPNRI 712 at specific location-species-sex combinations, including female Indian mackerel at PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=138.95 mm < Lm=202.5 mm), male oxeye scad at PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=122.32 mm < Lm=161.5 mm), female oxeye scad at PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=141.03 mm < Lm=161.5 mm), and male oxeye scad at PP Kluwut (Lc=128.3 mm < Lm=148.5 mm), demonstrating that the majority of individuals are captured before they have the opportunity to reproduce. The contrasting patterns between the dominance of mature GMS (stages 3–4) at PPP Bajomulyo and immature GMS (stages 1–2) at PPS Nizam Zachman reflect a spatial population heterogeneity that had not previously been characterized, and is closely associated with differences in fleet characteristics and fishing grounds among ports. Fecundity was positively correlated with body size, such that the removal of large individuals from the population directly reduces the total reproductive capacity of the stock. Niche overlap between shortbodied mackerel and Indian mackerel was moderate (0.58–0.63), with copepods as the shared principal prey (dietary index >70%), indicating a potential for interspecific competition that may intensify when prey abundance declines.
The DSS model developed in this study integrates 16 biological and exploitation indicators within a single validated analytical framework, representing the first integration of this scope for small pelagic fisheries in WPPNRI 712. Two indicators carrying critical weights were the 83% decline in Indian mackerel CPUE over five years and the Lc < Lm condition observed across four species at specific locations. The management scenario based on the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) obtained the highest TOPSIS closeness coefficient of 0.92, establishing it as the primary recommendation for long-term policy. Urgent management implications include: a moratorium on the addition of fishing units in WPPNRI 712, establishment of minimum catch size no less than Lm per species, implementation of seasonal protection areas at effort concentration hotspots, conduct of dedicated studies on bali sardinella as an indicator species of ecosystem degradation, and strict monitoring and bycatch assessment of bag seine nets. In the long term, the transition toward ecosystem-based management and the development of the DSS as a living system updated on a regular basis represent strategic steps that cannot be deferred if the sustainability of small pelagic fish resources in WPPNRI 712 is to be assured.
Keywords: decision support system, fisheries biology, exploitation status, small pelagic, WPPNRI 712 | |
