Redesain Pengelolaan Ekowisata Berbasis Resiliensi di Pesisir Sawarna, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten

Abstract

Kawasan Pesisir Sawarna, Kabupaten Lebak, Provinsi Banten, memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai destinasi ekowisata bahari. Namun, pengelolaannya masih menghadapi empat persoalan mendasar, yaitu potensi sumber daya pesisir yang belum teridentifikasi secara menyeluruh, pemanfaatan kawasan yang belum mempertimbangkan kesesuaian dan daya dukung ekologis, nilai ekonomi jasa ekosistem pantai berpasir yang belum dikuantifikasi, serta resiliensi ekowisata yang belum dikaji secara komprehensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan strategi redesain pengelolaan ekowisata berbasis resiliensi melalui empat kajian terintegrasi di Pantai Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, dan Tanjung Layar. Data dikumpulkan melalui survei lapangan, citra satelit multitemporal periode 2013–2024, wawancara, dan FGD. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan matriks Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata dan Daya Dukung Kawasan, ISM, metode benefit transfer dengan pendekatan Avoided Damage Cost (ADC), serta indeks resiliensi multidimensi yang diadaptasi dari kerangka The Torrens Resilience Institute. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat pantai memiliki karakteristik biofisik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi wisata yang beragam, tetapi saling melengkapi sebagai satu destinasi wisata bahari. Namun, dinamika garis pantai yang fluktuatif dan kualitas perairan, khususnya padatan tersuspensi total di Ciantir, memerlukan pemantauan berkelanjutan. Daya dukung Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, dan Tanjung Layar masing-masing sebesar 966, 784, 433, dan 192 pengunjung per hari. Nilai tersebut jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan kunjungan pada puncak liburan yang mencapai sekitar 8.000 orang per hari. Kesenjangan ini menjadi dasar pengembangan Adaptive Tourism Transition Framework (ATTF), yang mengarahkan transisi bertahap melalui tahapan soft ecotourism, moderate ecotourism, dan hard ecotourism. Perubahan garis pantai 2013–2024 menghasilkan akresi neto sistem +3,00 ha, Ciantir satu-satunya segmen abrasi neto (-1,16 ha); nilai ADC kumulatif ˜Rp653,31 juta (skenario sedang), Ciantir bernilai ADC negatif. ISM menghasilkan empat prioritas tata Kelola, penguatan kapasitas-regulasi, integrasi perencanaan, pengendalian dan evaluasi adaptif, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi lokal, dengan Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Lebak sebagai driver utama. Resiliensi keempat pantai berstatus Waspada (indeks 61,2–69,1%; tata kelola terlemah), waktu pemulihan pascagangguan menurun ˜54% dari soft ke hard ecotourism (24,0 menjadi 11,0 bulan). Skenarion tersebut disintesis menjadi empat pilar pengelolaan, yaitu pengelolaan berbasis daya dukung dan kuota berjenjang ATTF, tata kelola adaptif dan inklusif, penguatan kapasitas adaptif masyarakat, serta investasi jasa ekosistem yang didukung pemantauan waktu pemulihan.

The Sawarna Coastal Area, Lebak Regency, Banten Province, has potential as a marine ecotourism destination. However, its management faces four challenges: incomplete identification of coastal resources, inadequate consideration of tourism suitability and carrying capacity, the absence of economic valuation of ecosystem services, and the lack of an ecotourism resilience assessment. This study aimed to formulate a resilience-based ecotourism redesign strategy through integrated assessments conducted at Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, and Tanjung Layar beaches. Data were collected through field surveys, satellite imagery covering 2013–2024, interviews, and FGDs. The analyses employed the Tourism Suitability Index and Carrying Capacity matrices, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the benefit transfer method using the Avoided Damage Cost (ADC) approach, and a multidimensional resilience index adapted from the Torrens Resilience Institute framework. The four beaches possessed diverse biophysical, sociocultural, and economic characteristics, as a marine tourism destination. Nevertheless, fluctuating shoreline dynamics and water quality, particularly total suspended solids at Ciantir, require monitoring. The carrying capacities of Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, and Tanjung Layar were estimated at 966, 784, 433, and 192 visitors per day, respectively. These figures were lower than peak holiday visitation, which reached 8,000 visitors per day. This disparity provided the basis for developing the Adaptive Tourism Transition Framework (ATTF), which guides a gradual transition through soft ecotourism, moderate ecotourism, and hard ecotourism stages. Shoreline changes during 2013–2024 resulted in system-wide net accretion of 3.00 ha, with Ciantir as the only segment experiencing net erosion of 1.16 ha. The cumulative ADC was estimated at approximately IDR 653.31 million under the moderate scenario, whereas Ciantir recorded a negative ADC value. ISM identified four governance priorities: strengthening institutional capacity and regulations, integrating planning, implementing adaptive control and evaluation, and empowering the local economy. The Lebak Regency Tourism Office was identified as the driving institution. All four beaches were classified within the Caution Zone, with resilience indices ranging from 61.2% to 69.1%, and governance consistently emerging as the weakest dimension. Estimated post-disturbance recovery time decreased by approximately 54%, from 24.0 months under soft ecotourism to 11.0 months under hard ecotourism. These findings were synthesized into four management pillars: carrying-capacity-based management and tiered ATTF visitor quotas, adaptive and inclusive governance, strengthened community adaptive capacity, and investment in ecosystem services supported by recovery-time monitoring.