Perencanaan Pengembangan Wilayah Berbasis Komoditas Unggulan Perkebunan: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Kaur, Provinsi Bengkulu

Abstract

Kabupaten Kaur merupakan salah satu daerah yang menjadikan subsektor perkebunan sebagai penggerak utama perekonomian wilayah. Pada tahun 2024 sektor pertanian, perkebunan, dan perikanan memberikan kontribusi sebesar 51,40% terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) Kabupaten Kaur. Di dalam sektor tersebut, subsektor perkebunan merupakan penyumbang Nilai Tambah Bruto (NTB) terbesar, yaitu sebesar 39,25% yang didominasi oleh komoditas kelapa sawit, kelapa, kopi, karet, dan kakao. Selain itu, berdasarkan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW), kawasan perkebunan di Kabupaten Kaur mencapai 95.707 ha atau 38,86% dari luas wilayah. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan komoditas unggulan perkebunan memiliki peran strategis dalam meningkatkan daya saing daerah, pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan kesejahteraan masyarakat, sehingga dibutuhkan perencanaan pengembangan berbasis komoditas unggulan perkebunan untuk mewujudkan pembangunan wilayah yang efektif dan berdaya saing. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah menyusun arahan perencanaan pengembangan wilayah berbasis komoditas unggulan perkebunan di Kabupaten Kaur melalui identifikasi komoditas unggulan, delineasi tutupan/penggunaan lahan aktual, evaluasi potensi lahan, penilaian kelayakan usaha tani dan hirarki wilayah, serta penentuan prioritas pengembangan wilayah. Identifikasi komoditas unggulan dilakukan menggunakan metode Location Quotient (LQ) dan Differential Shift (DS). Tutupan/penggunaan lahan tahun 2024 dipetakan menggunakan citra Landsat 8 OLI dengan pendekatan Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA). Analisis potensi lahan dilakukan melalui evaluasi ketersediaan lahan menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) dan analisis kesesuaian lahan menggunakan Spatial-Analytic Network Process (Spatial-ANP) berdasarkan sembilan parameter biofisik dan manajemen lahan. Kelayakan usaha tani dianalisis menggunakan indikator Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio), dan Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Hirarki wilayah ditentukan menggunakan analisis skalogram berdasarkan ketersediaan dan tingkat pelayanan sarana prasarana wilayah. Selanjutnya, arahan rencana prioritas pengembangan wilayah disusun menggunakan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) untuk pembobotan kriteria dan Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) untuk menentukan perencanaan prioritas pengembangan wilayah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komoditas unggulan perkebunan di Kabupaten Kaur adalah sawit, kelapa, dan karet yang memiliki keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif. Tutupan/penggunaan lahan Kabupaten Kaur masih didominasi oleh kawasan hutan seluas 114.728,03 ha (45,47%), sedangkan perkebunan merupakan penggunaan lahan budidaya terbesar yaitu seluas 47.550,08 ha (18,85%) dari luas wilayah. Analisis ketersediaan lahan menunjukkan masih tersedia lahan seluas 67.605,39 ha (26,80%) untuk pengembangan komoditas unggulan perkebunan setelah mempertimbangkan tutupan/penggunaan lahan, kawasan hutan, dan pola ruang wilayah. Evaluasi kesesuaian lahan menggunakan metode Spatial-Analytic Network Process (Spatial-ANP) menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar lahan di Kabupaten Kaur cocok untuk pengembangan komoditas unggulan perkebunan (sawit, kelapa dan karet) masing-masing mencapai seluas 252.034,54 ha (99,55%), 252.011,87 ha (99,54%), dan 252.078,39 ha (99,57%), dengan dominasi kelas cukup sesuai (S2) pada ketiga komoditas. Kriteria curah hujan, drainase tanah, tekstur dan jenis tanah menjadi faktor paling penting dalam menentukan kelas kesesuaian lahan di Kabupaten Kaur. Hasil overlay antara peta ketersediaan dan kesesuaian lahan menunjukkan bahwa lahan yang tersedia dan sesuai untuk pengembangan sawit seluas 67.594,15 ha, kelapa 67.594,03 ha, dan karet 67.559,05 ha. Analisis kelayakan usaha tani menunjukkan bahwa ketiga komoditas layak dikembangkan secara finansial. Analisis skalogram menunjukkan adanya perbedaan tingkat hirarki pelayanan antar kecamatan yang menggambarkan variasi kapasitas wilayah dalam mendukung pengembangan komoditas unggulan perkebunan. Selanjutnya, integrasi hasil identifikasi komoditas unggulan, ketersediaan dan kesesuaian lahan, kelayakan usaha tani, serta hirarki wilayah melalui metode AHP-TOPSIS menghasilkan tiga kelompok prioritas pengembangan wilayah, yaitu Prioritas I (Kecamatan Nasal, Muara Sahung, Maje, Padang Guci Hilir, dan Kinal), Prioritas II (Kecamatan Luas, Lungkang Kule, Tanjung Kemuning, Kaur Tengah, dan Padang Guci Hulu), serta Prioritas III (Kecamatan Tetap, Semidang Gumay, Kelam Tengah, Kaur Utara, dan Kaur Selatan). Hasil tersebut menjadi dasar dalam penyusunan arahan Perencanaan Pengembangan Wilayah Berbasis Komoditas Unggulan Perkebunan di Kabupaten Kaur.

Kaur Regency is one of the regions where the plantation subsector serves as a major driver of the regional economy. In 2024, the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector contributed 51.40% to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Kaur Regency. Within this sector, the plantation subsector accounted for the largest share of Gross Value Added (GVA), contributing 39.25%, primarily from oil palm, coconut, coffee, rubber, and cocoa. Furthermore, according to the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW), plantation areas cover 95,707 ha, representing 38.86% of the total area of Kaur Regency. These conditions indicate that the development of leading plantation commodities plays a strategic role in enhancing regional competitiveness, promoting economic growth, and improving community welfare. Therefore, regional development planning based on leading plantation commodities is essential to achieve effective, competitive, and sustainable regional development. The main objective of this study was to formulate regional development planning directions based on leading plantation commodities in Kaur Regency by integrating the identification of leading plantation commodities, delineation of the current land cover/land use, assessment of land potential, evaluation of farm business feasibility, and analysis of regional hierarchy to determine regional development priorities. Leading plantation commodities were identified using the Location Quotient (LQ) and Differential Shift (DS) methods. The 2024 land cover/land use was delineated from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) imagery using the Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach. Land potential was assessed through land availability evaluation using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and land suitability assessment using the Spatial Analytic Network Process (Spatial-ANP) based on nine biophysical and land management parameters. Farm business feasibility was evaluated using the Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost Ratio (B/C Ratio), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) indicators. Regional hierarchy was determined using scalogram analysis based on the availability and service levels of regional infrastructure and public facilities. Subsequently, regional development priority directions were formulated using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the criteria weights and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to rank the regional development priorities. The results showed that the leading plantation commodities in Kaur Regency were oil palm, coconut, and rubber, all of which demonstrated both comparative and competitive advantages. Land cover/land use in Kaur Regency was dominated by forest, covering 114,728.03 ha (45.47%) of the total area, while plantations represented the largest cultivated land use, occupying 47,550.08 ha (18.85%). Land availability analysis indicated that 67,605.39 ha (26.80%) remained available for the development of leading plantation commodities after considering the existing land cover/land use, forest areas, and regional spatial planning. Land suitability assessment using the Spatial Analytic Network Process (Spatial-ANP) revealed that most areas in Kaur Regency were suitable for the development of the leading plantation commodities. Suitable land covered 252,034.54 ha (99.55%) for oil palm, 252,011.87 ha (99.54%) for coconut, and 252,078.39 ha (99.57%) for rubber, with the moderately suitable (S2) class predominating across all three commodities. Rainfall, soil drainage, soil texture, and soil type were identified as the most influential criteria in determining land suitability classes in Kaur Regency. The overlay of the land availability and land suitability maps indicated that the areas both available and suitable for the development of leading plantation commodities covered 67,594.15 ha for oil palm, 67,594.03 ha for coconut, and 67,559.05 ha for rubber. Farm business feasibility assessment confirmed that all three commodities were economically viable and financially feasible for further development. Scalogram analysis revealed variations in the regional service hierarchy among districts, reflecting differences in regional capacity to support the development of leading plantation commodities. The integration of the identification of leading plantation commodities, land availability and suitability, farm business feasibility, and regional hierarchy through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) classified the districts into three regional development priority groups. Priority I comprises Nasal, Muara Sahung, Maje, Padang Guci Hilir, and Kinal Districts; Priority II includes Luas, Lungkang Kule, Tanjung Kemuning, Kaur Tengah, and Padang Guci Hulu Districts; and Priority III consists of Tetap, Semidang Gumay, Kelam Tengah, Kaur Utara, and Kaur Selatan Districts. These findings provide a scientific basis for formulating regional development planning directions based on leading plantation commodities in Kaur Regency.