PROSES MANAJEMEN RISIKO PENGADAAN BARANG DAN JASA DI PT RPN

Abstract

Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) merupakan badan usaha dengan sebagian atau seluruh modal dimiliki oleh negara sehingga wajib mematuhi seluruh peraturan yang berlaku, termasuk Permen BUMN No. 2 Tahun 2023 tentang Pedoman Tata Kelola dan Kegiatan Korporasi Signifikan BUM. Aturan ini mewajibkan penerapan prinsip tata kelola perusahaan yang baik melalui integrasi manajemen risiko di seluruh aktivitas bisnis, termasuk proses pengadaan barang dan jasa. Ketentuan ini juga berlaku bagi PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara (RPN) selalu anak perusahaan PT Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero). Namun, SOP pengadaan di PT RPN masih mengacu pada pedoman PTPN Group dan belum diselaraskan dengan ISO 31000:2018. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menerapkan manajemen risiko berbasis ISO 31000:2018 dalam proses pengadaan barang dan jasa di PT RPN.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) dalam identifikasi risiko dan Bowtie Analysis dalam analisis risiko. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah in-depth interview dan studi literatur. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada November 2025 – April 2026 dengan mewawancarai lima bagian yang berkaitan dengan proses pengadaan barang dan jasa serta manajemen risiko.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pengadaan barang dan jasa di PT RPN melibatkan tujuh pihak yang berperan pada setiap tahapan pengadaan. Berdasarkan penerapan manajemen risiko mengacu pada ISO 31000:2018, berhasil diidentifikasi 14 potensi risiko yang selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), dengan hasil 11 risiko berkategori Action Priority (AP) High dan 3 risiko berkategori Medium. Seluruh risiko kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Bowtie Analysis untuk mengidentifikasi penyebab, dampak, serta pengendalian yang diperlukan, sehingga diperoleh rekomendasi perlakuan berupa 13 strategi mitigasi risiko dan 1 strategi transfer risiko. Implikasi manajerial penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya penguatan tata kelola pengadaan melalui penyempurnaan SOP dan klausul kontrak, optimalisasi sistem informasi pengadaan, penguatan pengelolaan vendor dan likuiditas perusahaan, penyusunan Key Performance Indicator (KPI) dan Service Level Agreement (SLA), serta peningkatan kompetensi sumber daya manusia melalui pelatihan dan koordinasi lintas fungsi. Implementasi rekomendasi tersebut diharapkan mampu meningkatkan efektivitas pengendalian risiko, mendukung tata kelola perusahaan yang baik, serta memperkuat penerapan manajemen risiko pengadaan barang dan jasa berbasis ISO 31000:2018 di PT RPN.

State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are business entities partially or fully owned by the state, thereby required to comply with all applicable regulations, including the Regulation of the Minister of SOEs No. 2 of 2023 concerning Guidelines for Corporate Governance and Significant Corporate Activities of SOEs. This regulation mandates the implementation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) principles through the integration of risk management across all business activities, including the procurement of goods and services. This provision also applies to PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara (RPN), a subsidiary of the PT Perkebunan Nusantara III (Persero). However, the procurement Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) at PT RPN still refers to the PTPN Group guidelines and have not been aligned and implemented ISO 31000:2018. Therefore, this study aims to analyze and implement ISO 31000:2018-based risk management in the procurement process of goods and services at PT RPN. This study used the Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method for risk identification and Bowtie Analysis for risk assessment. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews and literature studies. Data collection was conducted from November 2025 to April 2026 by interviewing five units related to the procurement process and risk management. The results of this study indicate that the procurement process at PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara (PT RPN) involves seven stakeholders who play roles throughout each stage of the procurement process. Based on the implementation of risk management in accordance with ISO 31000:2018, a total of 14 potential risks were identified and subsequently analyzed using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), resulting in 11 risks categorized as High Action Priority (AP) and 3 risks categorized as Medium Action Priority. All identified risks were further evaluated using Bowtie Analysis to identify their potential causes, consequences, and appropriate risk controls, leading to the formulation of 13 risk mitigation strategies and 1 risk transfer strategy. The managerial implications of this study highlight the importance of strengthening procurement governance through the improvement of standard operating procedures and contractual provisions, optimization of the procurement information system, enhancement of vendor management and corporate liquidity, establishment of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and Service Level Agreements (SLAs), as well as the development of human resource competencies through training and cross-functional coordination. The implementation of these recommendations is expected to improve the effectiveness of procurement risk controls, support the implementation of good corporate GOVERNANCE, and strengthen the application of procurement risk management based on ISO 31000:2018 at PT RPN.