Model Minat Berwakaf Uang melalui Lembaga Crowdfunding

Abstract

Indonesia memiliki potensi wakaf uang yang besar, mencapai sekitar Rp 180 triliun per tahun. Namun demikian, realisasi penghimpunannya masih relatif rendah. Penyebab utama kondisi tersebut adalah masih terbatasnya literasi masyarakat mengenai wakaf uang, belum optimalnya transparansi dan akuntabilitas pengelolaan dana wakaf, dan belum maksimalnya pemanfaatan teknologi digital dalam proses penghimpunan. Di sisi lain, perkembangan teknologi informasi telah mendorong munculnya berbagai lembaga crowdfunding yang memungkinkan masyarakat menyalurkan wakaf uang secara lebih mudah, cepat, transparan, dan menjangkau wilayah yang lebih luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model teoretis minat berwakaf uang melalui lembaga crowdfunding berbasis integrasi Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT 2), dan Islamic Consumer Behavior Theory (ICBT). Selain itu, mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi minat masyarakat untuk berwakaf uang, menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik demografis terhadap tingkat partisipasi wakaf uang, merumuskan strategi prioritas peningkatan minat berwakaf uang, dan menyusun rekomendasi kebijakan bagi Badan Wakaf Indonesia (BWI), Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), dan Kementerian Agama dalam kerangka Islamic Social Finance untuk mendukung pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain survei terhadap 535 responden Muslim di Indonesia yang berusia minimal 17 tahun. Responden dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu kelompok yang rutin, pernah, dan belum pernah berwakaf uang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan kombinasi purposive sampling, convenience sampling, dan snowball sampling melalui penyebaran kuesioner secara daring maupun luring. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) untuk menguji hubungan antarvariabel laten, regresi logistik untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh karakteristik demografis terhadap probabilitas partisipasi wakaf uang, Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) untuk mengidentifikasi variabel pembeda antar kelompok responden, dan Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) untuk menentukan prioritas strategi peningkatan minat berwakaf uang berdasarkan penilaian para pakar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model integratif TPB–UTAUT 2–ICBT mampu menjelaskan perilaku masyarakat dalam berwakaf uang secara lebih komprehensif dibandingkan penggunaan masing-masing teori secara terpisah. Integrasi ketiga teori tersebut menghasilkan model perilaku yang mencakup dimensi religiusitas, keyakinan perilaku, norma sosial, kontrol perilaku, persepsi manfaat teknologi, kemudahan penggunaan, kondisi yang memfasilitasi, pengaruh sosial, kebiasaan digital, dan faktor-faktor perilaku Islami yang saling berinteraksi dalam membentuk minat berwakaf uang melalui lembaga crowdfunding. Model integrasi ini diusulkan dengan label Integrated Behavioral Intention Model for Islamic Digital Philanthropy, disingkat IBIM-IDP. Analisis PLS-SEM menunjukkan bahwa religiusitas merupakan salah satu faktor fundamental yang memberikan kontribusi terbesar terhadap pembentukan minat berwakaf uang. Selain itu, beberapa konstruk TPB, seperti behavioral beliefs, outcome evaluation, motivation to comply, control beliefs, dan power of control factor terbukti berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat masyarakat. Dari perspektif UTAUT2, variabel habit menjadi determinan yang paling kuat pada kelompok responden yang telah memiliki pengalaman berwakaf uang, sedangkan variabel performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, dan hedonic motivation memberikan kontribusi yang berbeda pada masing-masing kelompok responden. Hasil regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor demografis turut memengaruhi probabilitas seseorang menjadi wakif. Variabel usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan domisili terbukti memiliki pengaruh terhadap peluang masyarakat untuk menjadi wakif rutin maupun wakif yang pernah berwakaf, sedangkan pengaruh jenis kelamin dan pendapatan relatif lebih kecil pada sebagian model. MDA menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik demografis mampu membedakan kelompok responden berdasarkan tingkat partisipasi wakaf uang. Analisis AHP menghasilkan prioritas strategi peningkatan minat berwakaf uang melalui lembaga crowdfunding. Kriteria yang memperoleh bobot tertinggi adalah manfaat yang dirasakan, sedangkan berdasarkan bobot global alternatif, strategi yang paling diprioritaskan adalah peningkatan transparansi digital dan pelaporan real-time oleh lembaga pengelola wakaf, Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan penghimpunan wakaf uang bergantung pada kemampuan lembaga membangun kepercayaan publik melalui tata kelola yang profesional, akuntabel, dan transparan. Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi teoretis berupa gambaran model integratif perilaku wakaf uang yang menggabungkan aspek perilaku, teknologi, dan nilai-nilai Islam dalam satu kerangka konseptual. Dari sisi metodologis, penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa kombinasi PLS-SEM, regresi logistik, MDA, dan AHP mampu menghasilkan pemahaman yang lebih komprehensif mengenai perilaku wakif sekaligus menghasilkan rekomendasi strategis yang aplikatif. Dari sisi praktis, hasil penelitian memberikan masukan kepada regulator, lembaga pengelola wakaf, lembaga keuangan syariah, serta penyelenggara crowdfunding untuk memperkuat literasi wakaf uang, meningkatkan transparansi dan akuntabilitas, mengembangkan inovasi layanan digital, dan memperluas kolaborasi antar pemangku kepentingan. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan minat berwakaf uang melalui lembaga crowdfunding memerlukan pendekatan multidimensional yang mengintegrasikan dimensi religiusitas, perilaku konsumen, penerimaan teknologi, karakteristik demografis, serta tata kelola kelembagaan. Model integratif yang dihasilkan diharapkan dapat menjadi landasan gambaran teori dalam bidang Islamic Social Finance sekaligus menjadi acuan bagi penyusunan kebijakan nasional untuk mengoptimalkan potensi wakaf uang sebagai instrumen pembangunan ekonomi, peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat, penguatan inklusi keuangan syariah, dan percepatan pencapaian SDGs di Indonesia.

Indonesia possesses substantial potential for cash waqf, estimated at approximately IDR 180 trillion annually. However, the actual realization of cash waqf collection remains relatively low. This condition is primarily attributable to limited public literacy regarding cash waqf, suboptimal transparency and accountability in waqf fund management, and the underutilization of digital technology in the fundraising process. On the other hand, advances in information technology have facilitated the emergence of various crowdfunding institutions, enabling the public to contribute cash waqf more conveniently, efficiently, transparently, and across wider geographical areas. This study aims to develop a theoretical model of cash waqf intention through crowdfunding institutions by integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT 2), and the Islamic Consumer Behavior Theory (ICBT). Furthermore, the study seeks to identify the determinants influencing individuals’ intention to donate cash waqf, examine the effects of demographic characteristics on the level of cash waqf participation, formulate priority strategies for enhancing cash waqf intention, and develop policy recommendations for the Indonesian Waqf Board (BWI), the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and the Ministry of Religious Affairs within the framework of Islamic Social Finance to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study employed a quantitative approach using a survey design involving 535 Indonesian Muslim respondents aged 17 years and above. The respondents were classified into three categories: regular cash waqf donors, occasional cash waqf donors, and non-donors. The sample was selected using a combination of purposive sampling, convenience sampling, and snowball sampling through both online and offline questionnaire distribution. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to examine the relationships among latent variables, logistic regression to identify the effects of demographic characteristics on the probability of cash waqf participation, Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) to identify distinguishing variables among respondent groups, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine priority strategies for enhancing cash waqf intention based on expert judgments. The findings indicate that the integrated TPB–UTAUT 2–ICBT model provides a more comprehensive explanation of cash waqf behavior than the application of each theory independently. The integration of these three theoretical perspectives produced a behavioral model encompassing religiosity, behavioral beliefs, social norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived technological benefits, ease of use, facilitating conditions, social influence, digital habits, and Islamic behavioral values, all of which interact to shape individuals’ intention to donate cash waqf through crowdfunding institutions. This integrated model is proposed under the label Integrated Behavioral Intention Model for Islamic Digital Philanthropy (IBIM-IDP). The PLS-SEM analysis revealed that religiosity is one of the most fundamental determinants contributing to the formation of cash waqf intention. In addition, several TPB constructs, including behavioral beliefs, outcome evaluation, motivation to comply, control beliefs, and power of control factors, were found to have significant effects on individuals’ intention. From the UTAUT 2 perspective, habit emerged as the strongest determinant among respondents with prior cash waqf experience, whereas performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, social influence, and hedonic motivation contributed differently across respondent groups. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that demographic characteristics also influence the probability of becoming a cash waqf donor. Age, educational attainment, occupation, and domicile were found to significantly affect the likelihood of becoming either a regular or an occasional cash waqf donor, whereas the effects of gender and income were relatively limited in several models. Furthermore, Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) confirmed that demographic characteristics effectively distinguish respondent groups according to their level of cash waqf participation. The AHP analysis identified priority strategies for enhancing cash waqf intention through crowdfunding institutions. The criterion with the highest priority weight was perceived benefit. Based on the global priority weights of the alternatives, the most preferred strategy was strengthening digital transparency and real-time reporting by waqf management institutions. These findings suggest that the success of cash waqf fundraising largely depends on the ability of waqf institutions to establish public trust through professional, accountable, and transparent governance. This study contributes theoretically by developing an integrated behavioral model of cash waqf that combines behavioral, technological, and Islamic value dimensions within a single conceptual framework. Methodologically, the study demonstrates that the integration of PLS-SEM, logistic regression, MDA, and AHP provides a more comprehensive understanding of cash waqf behavior while generating practical and evidence-based strategic recommendations. From a practical perspective, the findings offer valuable insights for regulators, waqf management institutions, Islamic financial institutions, and crowdfunding providers to strengthen cash waqf literacy, improve transparency and accountability, develop innovative digital services, and enhance collaboration among stakeholders. Overall, this study demonstrates that enhancing cash waqf intention through crowdfunding institutions requires a multidimensional approach that integrates religiosity, consumer behavior, technology acceptance, demographic characteristics, and institutional governance. The integrated model developed in this study is expected to serve as a theoretical foundation for advancing Islamic Social Finance research while providing a reference for national policymaking to optimize the potential of cash waqf as an instrument for economic development, social welfare enhancement, Islamic financial inclusion, and the acceleration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia.