Studi Keberlanjutan Program Penerapan Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Abstract

Program Penerapan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PPHT) merupakan kelanjutan dari kegiatan Sekolah Lapangan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (SLPHT) yang bertujuan meningkatkan kapasitas petani dalam mengelola organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) melalui pendekatan agroekosistem. Program ini menekankan penerapan prinsip Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT), yang terdiri dari budidaya tanaman sehat, pengamatan agroekosistem secara rutin, pemanfaatan musuh alami, serta peningkatan kemampuan petani dalam mengambil keputusan pengendalian OPT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh pelaksanaan PPHT terhadap kapasitas petani serta dinamika agroekosistem sawah padi di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan pendekatan survei dan pengamatan lapangan. Responden berjumlah 160 petani yang dikelompokkan ke dalam tiga kategori, yaitu petani alumni, nonalumni, dan petani terdampak PPHT. Wawasan dan perilaku petani diperoleh melalui kuesioner terstruktur untuk mengukur wawasan, praktik budidaya, serta tingkat penerapan prinsip PHT. Pengamatan agroekosistem dilakukan pada petak petani alumni dan nonalumni PPHT angkatan tahun 2018–2023, dengan fokus pada kepadatan populasi wereng batang coklat (WBC), musuh alaminya, serta intensitas serangan penyakit blas. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan inferensial untuk menguji perbedaan antar kelompok responden serta hubungan antara karakteristik petani dan tingkat implementasi PHT. Kegiatan PPHT berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat wawasan perilaku petani terkait PHT. Petani alumni PPHT memiliki skor rata-rata wawasan dan praktik tertinggi (67), berbeda nyata dibandingkan petani terdampak (46,8) dan petani nonalumni PPHT (35,4). Perbedaan ini menunjukkan bahwa petani alumni memiliki tingkat pemahaman dan penerapan prinsip PHT yang lebih tinggi. Selain itu, diketahui terjadi penyebaran pengetahuan secara informal dari petani alumni kepada petani nonalumni terdampak meskipun tingkat adopsinya belum setara dengan petani alumni. Tingkat penerapan PHT pada petani alumni PPHT secara konsisten lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok lainnya. Penerapan budidaya tanaman sehat mencapai 82,28%, pengamatan agroekosistem rutin mencapai 88,83%, pemanfaatan musuh alami mencapai 68,67%, dan penerapan konsep petani sebagai ahli PHT mencapai 79%. Perbedaan penerapan terutama terjadi pada pemanfaatan musuh alami dan pengambilan keputusan pengendalian OPT berdasarkan hasil pengamatan agroekosistem. Pengamatan agroekosistem menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan populasi WBC pada petak petani alumni PPHT cenderung lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan petak petani nonalumni, terutama pada alumni yang telah lama menerapkan PHT (alumni tahun 2018-2020). Sebaliknya, populasi musuh alami WBC relatif lebih tinggi dan lebih stabil di petak petani alumni. Analisis korelasi menunjukkan hubungan positif antara populasi WBC dan beberapa musuh alaminya, dengan nilai korelasi tertinggi pada Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (r = 0,660). Intensitas serangan penyakit blas pada seluruh petak pengamatan tergolong rendah dan tidak berbeda nyata, yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan varietas toleran, seleksi benih, serta perlakuan benih menggunakan agens hayati atau plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Penerapan PHT oleh petani alumni PPHT berpengaruh terhadap usaha tani padi. Sebanyak 92% petani alumni melaporkan peningkatan hasil panen, sementara 55% mengalami penurunan biaya produksi, terutama pada komponen pestisida, pupuk, dan tenaga kerja. Keberlanjutan penerapan PHT tergolong tinggi, ditunjukkan oleh 97% petani alumni yang tetap menerapkannya setelah kegiatan PPHT berakhir. Analisis faktor sosial menunjukkan bahwa umur petani berkorelasi negatif dengan tingkat implementasi PHT, sedangkan tingkat pendidikan berkorelasi positif. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pelaksanaan PPHT berkontribusi pada peningkatan kapasitas petani serta pengelolaan agroekosistem sawah secara berkelanjutan.

The Implementation of the Integrated Pest Management Program (PPHT) is a continuation of the Integrated Pest Management Field School (SLPHT) activities, which aim to enhance farmers’ capacity to manage plant pests through an agroecosystem approach. This program emphasizes the application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles, which include growing healthy crops, conducting routine agroecosystem monitoring, utilizing natural enemies, and improving farmers’ decision-making regarding PMS control. This study aims to examine the impact of the PPHT implementation on farmers’ capacity and the dynamics of rice paddy agroecosystems in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The research was conducted using a survey and field observation approach. Respondents were grouped into three categories: PPHT alumni farmers, non-PPHT alumni farmers, and farmers affected by the PPHT program. Farmers’ profiles and behaviors were collected using a structured questionnaire designed to assess their knowledge, cultivation practices, and the extent of implementation of PHT principles. Agroecosystem observations were conducted on plots belonging to PPHT alumni and non-alumni farmers from the 2018–2023 cohorts, focusing on the population density of the brown planthopper (BPH), its natural enemies, and the intensity of blast disease outbreaks. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially to test for differences among respondent groups and to examine the relationship between farmer characteristics and the level of IPM implementation. The research results show that the PPHT program has a significant effect on farmers’ knowledge and understanding of IPM. Farmers who are PPHT alumni have the highest average scores for understanding and practice (67), which is significantly different from those of affected farmers (46.8) and farmers who are not PPHT alumni (35.4). This difference indicates that alumni farmers have a higher level of understanding and application of IPM principles. In addition, there was evidence of informal knowledge transfer from PPHT alumni to affected non-alumni farmers. However, adoption among the latter was not yet on par with that of the alumni. The rate of implementation of IPM principles among farmer alumni is consistently higher than that of other groups. The adoption of healthy crop cultivation reached 82.28%, routine agroecosystem monitoring reached 88.83%, the use of natural enemies reached 68.67%, and the adoption of the concept of farmers as IPM experts reached 79%. Differences in implementation were primarily observed in the use of natural enemies and in decision-making regarding pest control based on agroecosystem observations. Agroecosystem monitoring revealed lower brown planthopper population densities and higher stability of natural enemy populations in PPHT alumni fields, particularly among farmers who had applied IPM for longer periods. Correlation analysis indicated a strong positive association between brown planthopper populations and their natural enemies, with the highest correlation observed for Cyrtorhinus sp. (r = 0.660). Rice blast disease incidence remained low across all observed fields. It did not differ significantly between groups, which was associated with the use of tolerant varieties, seed selection practices, and biological or PGPR-based seed treatments. In terms of farm performance, 92% of PPHT alumni reported yield increases, while 55% experienced reduced production costs, mainly due to lower expenditures on pesticides, fertilizers, and labor. Sustainability analysis showed that 97% of alumni farmers continued to implement IPM practices after the completion of PPHT activities. Social factor analysis revealed a negative correlation between farmer age and IPM implementation level, whereas education level showed a positive correlation. The study confirms that PPHT plays a significant role in enhancing farmer capacity, promoting environmentally sound pest management, and improving the sustainability of rice agroecosystems. PPHT alumni demonstrate higher and more consistent adoption of IPM principles, more balanced pest–natural enemy dynamics, improved farm performance, and strong post-program sustainability. These findings underscore the strategic importance of PPHT in supporting long-term, farmer-centered, and ecologically based pest management in rice production systems.