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      Proses Komunikasi Pengungkapan Diri Anak Penyintas Kekerasan Seksual dalam Ekosistem Sosial di Kota Bekasi

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Novrian
      Sarwoprasodjo, Sarwititi
      Muljono, Pudji
      Matindas, Krishnarini
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      Abstract
      NOVRIAN. Proses Komunikasi Pengungkapan Diri Anak Penyintas Kekerasan Seksual dalam Ekosistem Sosial di Kota Bekasi. Dibimbing oleh SARWITITI SARWOPRASODJO, PUDJI MULJONO, KRISHNARINI MATINDAS Kekerasan seksual pada anak merupakan permasalahan sosial yang berdampak serius terhadap perkembangan fisik, psikologis, dan sosial korban. Di Kota Bekasi, data Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (DPPPA), Unit Pelayanan Perempuan dan Anak (PPA) Polres Metro Bekasi Kota, dan Komisi Perlindungan Anak Daerah (KPAD) menunjukkan 1.104 kasus kekerasan terhadap anak selama periode 2020–2024, dengan kekerasan seksual sebagai bentuk kasus yang paling dominan. Meskipun berbagai regulasi, termasuk Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual, telah memberikan landasan perlindungan hukum, banyak kasus tidak segera terungkap karena penyintas menghadapi berbagai hambatan dalam mengungkapkan pengalaman yang dialaminya. Hambatan tersebut tidak hanya berasal dari faktor psikologis, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh norma sosial, budaya keluarga, respons lingkungan, sistem kelembagaan, dan konstruksi media yang membentuk budaya diam (culture of silence). Dalam konteks tersebut, komunikasi pengungkapan diri menjadi tahapan penting yang menentukan akses penyintas terhadap perlindungan, keadilan, dan pemulihan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis proses dan tahapan komunikasi pengungkapan diri penyintas kekerasan seksual anak di Kota Bekasi; (2) menganalisis faktor-faktor sosial, budaya, emosional, dan struktural yang membentuk aturan privasi penyintas dalam keputusan pengungkapan diri; (3) menganalisis dinamika koordinasi batasan privasi, kepemilikan bersama informasi, dan turbulensi privasi dalam interaksi penyintas dengan aktor sosial dan kelembagaan, serta mensintesiskannya ke dalam Model Komunikasi Empatik Berbasis Communication Privacy Management (MKE-CPM); serta (4) merumuskan strategi komunikasi operasional pada tingkat mikro, meso, dan makro berdasarkan MKE-CPM untuk mendukung proses pengungkapan diri dan pemulihan penyintas. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi multikasus di Kota Bekasi. Informan terdiri atas lima penyintas kekerasan seksual anak beserta ibu penyintas, psikolog, pendamping sosial, KPAD, dan penyidik Unit PPA. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, studi dokumentasi, serta analisis isi kualitatif terhadap 34 artikel media daring sebagai triangulasi sumber. Analisis dilakukan secara tematik dan lintas kasus menggunakan Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) sebagai kerangka analisis utama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses komunikasi pengungkapan diri berlangsung melalui empat fase, yaitu fase keheningan, fase tekanan emosional, fase pengungkapan awal, dan fase pengungkapan formal. Proses tersebut tidak berlangsung secara linier, tetapi dipengaruhi oleh interaksi antara kondisi psikologis penyintas, kualitas hubungan interpersonal, dan dukungan lingkungan sosial. Penelitian mengidentifikasi empat pola pengungkapan, yaitu involuntary disclosure, gradual and relational disclosure, facilitated disclosure, dan socially triggered disclosure. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pengungkapan diri tidak semata-mata bergantung pada keberanian penyintas, melainkan pada keberadaan ekosistem komunikasi yang aman, suportif, dan responsif. Aturan privasi penyintas dibentuk oleh dua kelompok faktor. Kelompok pertama berupa core criteria yang meliputi norma aib keluarga, ketakutan, rasa malu, ancaman pelaku, hambatan struktural, dan asimetri peran orang tua, yaitu ibu yang secara konsisten menjadi penerima pengungkapan pertama sementara ayah pada empat dari lima kasus berada pada posisi berisiko sebagai pelaku, penghambat kehadiran, atau pihak yang gagal merespons secara protektif, yang bersama-sama memperkuat keputusan untuk tetap diam. Kelompok kedua berupa catalyst criteria yang terdiri atas dukungan emosional keluarga, kehadiran teman sebaya, pendamping profesional, tokoh agama, serta jaminan kerahasiaan yang mendorong penyintas untuk mengungkapkan pengalaman mereka. Pergeseran keputusan dari diam menuju terbuka lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh meningkatnya manfaat yang dipersepsikan daripada berkurangnya risiko yang dihadapi. Dinamika pengelolaan privasi berlangsung melalui jaringan co-ownership yang melibatkan keluarga, komunitas, tenaga profesional, dan sistem hukum. Penelitian juga mengidentifikasi lima bentuk turbulensi privasi, yaitu turbulensi paksa eksternal, turbulensi prosedural, turbulensi spasial, turbulensi tekanan naratif, dan reluctant confidant. Di antara kelima bentuk tersebut, turbulensi prosedural akibat pengulangan narasi traumatis dan kegagalan pihak pertama yang menerima pengungkapan menjadi hambatan paling besar terhadap keberhasilan pengungkapan diri dan proses pemulihan. Sebaliknya, koordinasi privasi yang efektif memungkinkan terjadinya recalibration sehingga penyintas mampu melanjutkan proses pengungkapan dan memperoleh dukungan yang dibutuhkan. Penelitian ini mengembangkan Model Komunikasi Empatik Berbasis Communication Privacy Management (MKE-CPM) yang terdiri atas empat tahapan, yaitu Safety, Emotional Validation, Privacy Coordination, dan Relational Restoration. Model ini menempatkan komunikasi empatik sebagai prasyarat utama dalam pengelolaan informasi privat penyintas. Penelitian juga menghasilkan Matriks Kalkulasi Privasi (PCM) untuk memetakan posisi penyintas dalam proses pengambilan keputusan pengungkapan diri, serta Kerangka Hambatan-Fasilitator (BEF) untuk mengidentifikasi faktor penghambat dan pendukung pada tingkat individu, keluarga, komunitas, dan kelembagaan. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut dirumuskan rekomendasi berupa penguatan komunikasi keluarga yang secara eksplisit melibatkan ayah atau figur paternal, tidak hanya ibu, peningkatan kapasitas aktor penerima pengungkapan, penerapan single forensic interview, penguatan koordinasi antar-lembaga, serta pengembangan layanan terpadu berbasis komunikasi empatik. Kata kunci: Communication Privacy Management, kekerasan seksual anak, komunikasi empatik, komunikasi Pembangunan, komunikasi pengungkapan diri
       
      NOVRIAN. Communication Process of Self-Disclosure of Survivors of Sexual Violence to Children in the Social Ecosystem in Bekasi City. Guided by SARWITITI SARWOPRASODJO, PUDJI MULJONO, KRISHNARINI MATINDAS Sexual violence against children is a social problem that has a serious impact on the physical, psychological, and social development of victims. In Bekasi City, data from the Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office (DPPPA), the Women and Children Service Unit (PPA) of the Bekasi City Metro Police, and the Regional Child Protection Commission (KPAD) show 1,104 cases of violence against children during the 2020-2024 period, with sexual violence being the most dominant form of cases. Although various regulations, including Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning the Crime of Sexual Violence, have provided a foundation for legal protection, many cases are not immediately revealed as survivors face various obstacles in disclosing their experiences. These obstacles not only come from psychological factors, but are also influenced by social norms, family culture, environmental responses, institutional systems, and media constructions that form a culture of silence. In this context, self-disclosure communication is an important stage that determines survivors' access to protection, justice, and recovery. This study aims to: (1) analyze the process and stages of communication of self-disclosure of survivors of child sexual violence in Bekasi City; (2) analyze the social, cultural, emotional, and structural factors that shape survivors' privacy rules in self-disclosure decisions; (3) analyze the dynamics of coordination of privacy boundaries, shared ownership of information, and privacy turbulence in survivors' interactions with social and institutional actors, and synthesize them into an Empathetic Communication Model Based on Communication Privacy Management (MKE-CPM); and (4) formulate operational communication strategies at the micro, meso, and macro levels based on MKE-CPM to support the process of self-disclosure and survivor recovery. The research uses a qualitative approach with a multicase study design in Bekasi City. The informants consisted of five survivors of child sexual violence along with the survivor's mother, psychologists, social companions, KPAD, and investigators from the PPA Unit. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, documentation studies, and qualitative content analysis of 34 online media articles as source triangulation. The analysis was carried out thematically and cross-case using Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) as the main analytical framework. The results of the study show that the communication process of self-disclosure takes place through four phases, namely the silence phase, the emotional distress phase, the initial disclosure phase, and the formal disclosure phase. The process does not take place in a linear manner, but is influenced by the interaction between the survivor's psychological state, the quality of interpersonal relationships, and the support of the social environment. The study identified four patterns of disclosure, namely involuntary disclosure, gradual and relational disclosure, facilitated disclosure, and socially triggered disclosure. These findings suggest that self-disclosure does not depend solely on the courage of survivors, but rather on the existence of a safe, supportive, and responsive communication ecosystem. Survivor privacy rules are formed by two groups of factors. The first group is in the form of core criteria which include norms of family disgrace, fear, shame, threat of perpetrators, structural barriers, and asymmetry in parental roles, in which mothers consistently served as the first recipient of disclosure while fathers were positioned as a risk factor, either as perpetrator, as an inhibiting presence, or as failing to respond protectively, in four of the five cases, together strengthening the decision to remain silent. The second group is in the form of catalyst criteria consisting of family emotional support, the presence of peers, professional companions, religious leaders, and guarantees of confidentiality that encourage survivors to disclose their experiences. The shift in decision from silent to open is more influenced by the increased perceived benefits than the reduced risks faced. The dynamics of privacy management take place through a co-ownership network involving families, communities, professionals, and the legal system. The study also identified five forms of privacy turbulence, namely external forced turbulence, procedural turbulence, spatial turbulence, narrative pressure turbulence, and reluctant confidant. Among these five forms, procedural turbulence due to the repetition of traumatic narratives and the failure of the first party to receive disclosure are the greatest obstacles to successful self-disclosure and the recovery process. Instead, effective privacy coordination allows for recalibration so that survivors are able to continue the disclosure process and get the support they need. This study developed a Communication Privacy Management-Based Empathetic Communication Model (MKE-CPM) which consists of four stages, namely Safety, Emotional Validation, Privacy Coordination, and Relational Restoration. This model places empathic communication as a key prerequisite in the management of survivors' private information. The research also produced a Matriks Kalkulasi Privasi (PCM) to map the position of survivors in the self-disclosure decision-making process, as well as a Kerangka Hambatan-Fasilitator (BEF) to identify inhibiting and supporting factors at the individual, family, community, and institutional levels. Based on these findings, recommendations were formulated in the form of strengthening family communication that explicitly engages fathers or paternal figures, not only mothers, increasing the capacity of actors receiving disclosures, implementing single forensic interviews, strengthening inter-institutional coordination, and developing integrated services based on empathic communication. Keywords: Communication Privacy Management, Empathetic communication, development communication, self-disclosure communication, child sexual violence, privacy management.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179105
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