Internalisasi Nilai Ekonomi ke dalam Pengelolaan Ruang Kawasan Konservasi Laut: Studi Kasus Kawasan Konservasi Gili Matra, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat

Abstract

Peningkatan intensitas pemanfaatan ruang laut di Indonesia mendorong semakin tingginya tekanan terhadap ekosistem pesisir, khususnya pada kawasan konservasi yang sekaligus menjadi pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi berbasis kelautan. Kawasan Konservasi Gili Matra yang meliputi Pulau Gili Air, Gili Meno, dan Gili Trawangan merupakan kawasan dengan aktivitas pariwisata, perikanan, transportasi, penelitian, serta pembangunan infrastruktur yang berkembang sangat pesat sehingga memunculkan berbagai konflik pemanfaatan ruang. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sistem penataan ruang laut yang ada masih berorientasi pada pengaturan pemanfaatan ruang dan belum sepenuhnya mengintegrasikan nilai aset ekologi ke dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Di sisi lain, terumbu karang sebagai modal alam utama kawasan memiliki fungsi ekologis, ekonomi, dan sosial yang saling berkaitan sehingga memerlukan pendekatan pengelolaan yang mampu menyeimbangkan kepentingan konservasi dan pembangunan. Ocean accounting memberikan peluang untuk mengintegrasikan informasi mengenai aset lingkungan, jasa ekosistem, serta manfaat ekonomi ke dalam marine spatial planning melalui mekanisme neraca sumber daya laut. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis sistem sosial-ekologis terumbu karang, memetakan nilai jasa ekosistem, merumuskan mekanisme internalisasi neraca sumber daya laut ke dalam marine spatial planning, serta menyusun rekomendasi kebijakan pengelolaan ruang laut berbasis aspek ekologi-ekonomi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan perspektif sistem sosial-ekologi yang mengintegrasikan analisis biofisik, ekonomi, spasial, dan kelembagaan ke dalam satu kerangka penelitian yang saling berhubungan. Analisis sistem sosial-ekologis dilakukan menggunakan kerangka DAPSI(W)R(M) dan butterfly model untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara penggerak, aktivitas, tekanan, perubahan kondisi, dampak terhadap kesejahteraan, serta respons pengelolaan. Penilaian jasa ekosistem dilakukan melalui pendekatan Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services yang mencakup jasa provisioning, regulating, cultural, dan supporting untuk memperoleh nilai aset ekologi-ekonomi terumbu karang. Nilai jasa ekosistem selanjutnya dipetakan secara spasial menggunakan sistem grid dan analisis overlay sehingga dapat diintegrasikan dengan distribusi aktivitas pemanfaatan serta sistem zonasi kawasan konservasi. Penyusunan mekanisme internalisasi neraca sumber daya laut dilakukan melalui integrasi hasil valuasi, inventarisasi aset lingkungan, dan analisis spasial dalam kerangka Marine Spatial Planning. Tahap akhir penelitian menggunakan Interpretive Structural Modeling untuk mengidentifikasi struktur aktor, tantangan, kebutuhan, dan program prioritas sebagai dasar penyusunan rekomendasi kebijakan pengelolaan ruang laut. Aktivitas pariwisata merupakan penggerak utama yang memberikan tekanan terhadap ekosistem terumbu karang di Gili Matra melalui peningkatan aktivitas wisata, transportasi laut, dan pembangunan kawasan pesisir. Analisis DAPSI(W)R(M) memperlihatkan bahwa tekanan utama berasal dari kerusakan fisik terumbu karang, residu antropogenik, dan perilaku wisatawan yang selanjutnya menurunkan kualitas tutupan karang, kualitas perairan, dan daya tarik wisata. Strategi respon yang memperoleh tingkat kepentingan tertinggi adalah pendidikan masyarakat (4,50), diikuti insentif ekonomi bagi pelaku ekowisata (4,39), kolaborasi multipemangku kepentingan (3,67), dan penegakan sanksi (3,33). Analisis tersebut membuktikan adanya hubungan timbal balik yang kuat antara kondisi ekologis dengan kesejahteraan masyarakat sehingga degradasi terumbu karang secara langsung memengaruhi keberlanjutan sektor pariwisata dan ekonomi lokal. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa kawasan konservasi harus dikelola sebagai satu sistem sosial-ekologi yang saling terhubung, bukan sebagai komponen ekologi dan ekonomi yang berdiri sendiri. Pendekatan Social-Ecological System mampu mengidentifikasi titik pengungkit yang menjadi dasar penyusunan kebijakan pengelolaan adaptif. Nilai total jasa ekosistem terumbu karang di Kawasan Konservasi Gili Matra mencapai Rp469,78 miliar per tahun. Komponen terbesar berasal dari jasa supporting berupa daur ulang nutrien sebesar Rp213,89 miliar (45,53%), diikuti jasa cultural pariwisata sebesar Rp129,97 miliar (27,67%), jasa regulating perlindungan pantai sebesar Rp80,00 miliar (17,03%), dan jasa supporting keanekaragaman hayati sebesar Rp36,61 miliar (7,79%), sedangkan jasa provisioning perikanan tangkap memberikan nilai Rp6,59 miliar (1,40%). Analisis spasial menunjukkan bahwa kawasan konservasi memiliki total habitat bentik sekitar 257,22 ha, dengan hard coral mendominasi 40,71% atau sekitar 105,17 ha, sedangkan zona pemanfaatan terbatas mencakup sekitar 74,14% dari total habitat bentik kawasan. Aktivitas pariwisata menghasilkan residu sebesar 194.618,40 m³ limbah cair dan 3.470,70 ton sampah padat per tahun yang menjadi tekanan terhadap lingkungan pesisir. Hasil valuasi juga menunjukkan bahwa Total Economic Value (TEV) kawasan mencapai sekitar Rp469,78 miliar, dengan 73,13% nilai ekonomi berada pada zona pemanfaatan terbatas, sedangkan produktivitas ekonomi tertinggi justru terdapat pada zona inti sebesar Rp662,45 juta per hektar, jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan zona pemanfaatan terbatas sebesar Rp Rp171,45 juta per hektar. Temuan tersebut membuktikan bahwa kualitas ekosistem memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap nilai ekonomi dibandingkan luas kawasan semata. Jasa ekosistem merupakan representasi nyata modal alam yang harus diinventarisasi sebagai bagian dari neraca sumber daya laut. Mekanisme internalisasi neraca sumber daya laut ke dalam marine spatial planning berhasil mengintegrasikan inventarisasi modal alam, valuasi jasa ekosistem, serta distribusi aktivitas pemanfaatan ke dalam satu kerangka spasial berbasis grid. Analisis menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas penangkapan ikan didominasi oleh penggunaan alat tangkap pancing sebesar 71,43%, sedangkan hotspot wisata snorkeling dan diving terkonsentrasi pada lokasi yang memiliki kualitas terumbu karang terbaik. Sebanyak 35 titik aktivitas penangkapan ikan, 32 titik aktivitas penelitian, dan berbagai aktivitas wisata berhasil dipetakan terhadap sistem zonasi sehingga dapat dievaluasi tingkat kesesuaiannya dengan fungsi kawasan konservasi. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa sebagian aktivitas masih berada pada zona yang kurang sesuai, termasuk ditemukannya aktivitas penangkapan ikan pada zona inti yang seharusnya berfungsi sebagai kawasan perlindungan penuh. Integrasi informasi stok modal alam, nilai jasa ekosistem, dan intensitas pemanfaatan menghasilkan dasar ilmiah yang lebih kuat dibandingkan pendekatan inventarisasi sumber daya konvensional karena mampu menunjukkan hubungan langsung antara nilai ekologi dengan pola pemanfaatan ruang. Mekanisme tersebut membuktikan bahwa neraca sumber daya laut dapat dioperasionalkan sebagai instrumen utama dalam mendukung marine spatial planning berbasis bukti. Keberhasilan internalisasi neraca sumber daya laut ke dalam marine spatial planning ditentukan oleh hubungan struktural antara aktor, kebutuhan kelembagaan, tantangan implementasi, dan program prioritas yang dianalisis menggunakan Interpretive Structural Modeling. Analisis menghasilkan struktur kebijakan yang menempatkan ketersediaan data ekologi, ekonomi, dan sosial yang terintegrasi, penyusunan standar operasional, pembangunan sistem informasi geospasial, peningkatan kapasitas sumber daya manusia, mekanisme partisipatif masyarakat, serta integrasi dengan teknologi satelit, big data, dan kecerdasan buatan sebagai kebutuhan strategis utama. Hubungan antarunsur tersebut menghasilkan model kelembagaan yang memperlihatkan keterkaitan hierarkis antara faktor penggerak, faktor penghubung, faktor dependen, dan faktor independen dalam implementasi neraca sumber daya laut. Model yang dihasilkan mampu menghubungkan hasil analisis sistem sosial-ekologi, valuasi jasa ekosistem, inventarisasi modal alam, serta mekanisme marine spatial planning ke dalam kerangka kebijakan yang operasional. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kerangka internalisasi yang mengintegrasikan Social-Ecological System, CICES, Ocean Accounting, Marine Basic Spatial Unit (MBSU), Marine Spatial Planning, dan Interpretive Structural Modeling sebagai satu sistem pengelolaan kawasan konservasi. Model tersebut memberikan dasar ilmiah bagi pengembangan kebijakan pengelolaan ruang laut yang adaptif, berbasis bukti, serta mampu menyeimbangkan tujuan konservasi dengan pembangunan ekonomi secara berkelanjutan.

The increasing intensity of marine space utilization in Indonesia has placed mounting pressure on coastal ecosystems, particularly within marine protected areas that simultaneously function as centers of marine-based economic growth. The Gili Matra Marine Conservation Area, comprising Gili Air, Gili Meno, and Gili Trawangan Islands, has experienced rapid expansion in tourism, fisheries, marine transportation, scientific research, and coastal infrastructure development, resulting in increasingly complex conflicts over marine space utilization. These conditions indicate that the existing Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) system remains primarily focused on regulating marine uses and has yet to fully integrate the value of ecological assets into decision-making processes. Meanwhile, coral reefs, as the principal natural capital of the conservation area, provide interdependent ecological, economic, and social functions that require an integrated management approach capable of balancing conservation objectives with sustainable development. Ocean Accounting provides an opportunity to incorporate information on natural assets, ecosystem services, and economic benefits into Marine Spatial Planning through a marine natural resource accounting framework. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the social-ecological system of coral reef ecosystems, mapping of ecosystem service values, develop a mechanism for internalizing marine natural resource accounting into Marine Spatial Planning, and formulate ecological-economic policy recommendations for sustainable marine space management. This study adopted a quantitative research approach based on the Social-Ecological System (SES) perspective by integrating biophysical, economic, spatial, and institutional analyses into a unified analytical framework. The social-ecological system was examined using the DAPSI(W)R(M) framework and the Butterfly model to explain the causal relationships among drivers, activities, pressures, changes in ecosystem state, impacts on human well-being, and management responses. Ecosystem services were assessed using the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES), encompassing provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services to estimate the ecological-economic value of coral reef natural capital. The resulting ecosystem service values were subsequently mapped using a grid-based spatial analysis and weighted overlay technique, enabling their integration with patterns of marine resource utilization and the zoning system of the conservation area. A mechanism for internalizing marine natural resource accounting into Marine Spatial Planning was then developed by integrating ecosystem valuation, natural capital inventories, and spatial analyses within the MSP framework. Finally, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was employed to identify key actors, institutional challenges, strategic requirements, and priority programs as the basis for developing policy recommendations for marine spatial governance.

The findings indicate that tourism activities constitute the primary driver exerting pressure on coral reef ecosystems in Gili Matra through the expansion of tourism, marine transportation, and coastal development. The DAPSI(W)R(M) analysis revealed that the most significant pressures originate from physical damage to coral reefs, anthropogenic residues, and tourist behavior, all of which contribute to declining coral cover, deteriorating water quality, and reduced tourism attractiveness. The highest-ranked management response was community education (4.50), followed by economic incentives for ecotourism operators (4.39), multi-stakeholder collaboration (3.67), and regulatory enforcement (3.33). These findings demonstrate a strong reciprocal relationship between ecological integrity and human well-being, indicating that coral reef degradation directly threatens the sustainability of tourism and the local economy. Consequently, marine conservation areas should be managed as integrated social-ecological systems rather than as isolated ecological and economic components. The Social-Ecological System approach successfully identified key leverage points that provide a scientific foundation for adaptive management policies. The total economic value of coral reef ecosystem services in the Gili Matra Conservation Area is estimated at IDR 469.78 billion per year. The largest contribution comes from supporting services, particularly nutrient cycling, valued at IDR 213.89 billion (45.53%), followed by cultural services from tourism at IDR 129.97 billion (27.67%), regulating services for coastal protection at IDR 80.00 billion (17.03%), and supporting services associated with biodiversity at IDR 36.61 billion (7.79%). Meanwhile, provisioning services from capture fisheries contribute IDR 6.59 billion (1.40%). Spatial analysis indicates that the conservation area encompasses approximately 257.22 ha of benthic habitat, of which hard coral accounts for 40.71% (approximately 105.17 ha). The limited-use zone covers approximately 74.14% of the total benthic habitat. Tourism activities generate substantial residual flows, estimated at 194,618.40 m³ of wastewater and 3,470.70 tonnes of solid waste annually, representing significant pressures on the coastal environment. The valuation results further indicate that the Total Economic Value (TEV) of the area reaches approximately IDR 469.78 billion, with 73.13% of the total economic value concentrated in the limited-use zone. However, economic productivity per unit area is highest in the core zone, reaching IDR 662,45 million ha?¹, substantially exceeding the IDR 171,45 million ha?¹ recorded in the limited-use zone. These findings demonstrate that ecosystem quality exerts a greater influence on economic value than area size alone. Ecosystem services therefore represent a tangible form of natural capital that should be systematically inventoried and incorporated into marine resource accounts to support more effective and sustainable marine spatial management. The proposed mechanism for internalizing Ocean Accounting into Marine Spatial Planning successfully integrates natural capital inventories, ecosystem service valuation, and patterns of marine resource utilization within a grid-based spatial framework. The analysis revealed that 71.43% of fishing activities employed hook-and-line fishing gear, while snorkeling and diving hotspots were concentrated in areas characterized by the highest coral reef quality. A total of 35 fishing activity locations, 32 research sites, and multiple tourism activity areas were spatially mapped against the conservation zoning system, enabling an assessment of their compatibility with designated management objectives. The evaluation identified several activities occurring in zones that were inconsistent with their intended conservation functions, including fishing activities recorded within the Core Zone, which is designated for strict protection. Integrating information on natural capital stocks, ecosystem service values, and utilization intensity provides a substantially stronger scientific basis than conventional resource inventories by explicitly demonstrating the spatial relationship between ecological value and marine resource use. These results confirm that Ocean Accounting can be operationalized as a robust evidence-based instrument to strengthen Marine Spatial Planning The successful integration of Ocean Accounting into Marine Spatial Planning depends upon the structural relationships among institutional actors, governance requirements, implementation challenges, and priority policy programs, as identified through Interpretive Structural Modeling. The analysis identified integrated ecological, economic, and social data availability, standardized operational procedures, geospatial information systems, human resource capacity development, participatory governance mechanisms, and the integration of satellite technology, big data, and artificial intelligence as the principal strategic requirements. These interrelated components form an institutional framework that illustrates the hierarchical relationships among independent, linkage, dependent, and driving factors supporting the implementation of Ocean Accounting. The resulting framework effectively integrates social-ecological system analysis, ecosystem service valuation, natural capital inventories, and Marine Spatial Planning into an operational policy model. This research ultimately develops an Ecological-Economic Coral Reef Model that integrates the Social-Ecological System framework, CICES, Ocean Accounting, Marine Basic Spatial Units (MBSU), Marine Spatial Planning, and Interpretive Structural Modeling into a unified management framework for marine conservation areas. The proposed model provides a scientifically robust foundation for developing adaptive, evidence-based marine spatial policies capable of balancing biodiversity conservation with sustainable economic development.