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      MUTAGENESIS IN VITRO DAN EVALUASI FITOKIMIA PADA MUTAN PUTATIF Portulaca grandiflora HASIL PERLAKUAN ETIL METAN SULFONAT

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      Date
      2026
      Jenis/Type
      Tesis
      Subtype
      Theses
      Author
      Hardiany, Lani
      Aisyah, Syarifah Iis
      Dinarti, Diny
      Nurcholis, Waras
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      Abstract
      Portulaca grandiflora merupakan tanaman hias sukulen yang memiliki nilai estetika tinggi sekaligus berpotensi sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif, seperti flavonoid, betalain, dan asam fenolat yang berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan. Pengembangan kultivar baru pada tanaman ini masih menghadapi kendala karena perbanyakan umumnya dilakukan secara vegetatif, sehingga keragaman genetik yang dihasilkan relatif rendah. Mutagenesis in vitro menggunakan etil metan sulfonat (EMS) melalui sistem mikropropagasi yang efisien merupakan salah satu pendekatan yang berpotensi meningkatkan keragaman genetik serta menghasilkan mutan dengan karakter unggul tanpa mengubah sifat-sifat utama kultivar asal. Selain menghasilkan keragaman fenotipik, mutagenesis juga berpotensi memengaruhi biosintesis metabolit sekunder sehingga evaluasi kandungan fitokimia diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi perubahan senyawa bioaktif yang dihasilkan. I nformasi mengenai sistem mikropropagasi, mutagenesis in vitro menggunakan EMS, serta perubahan kandungan fitokimia pada P. grandiflora hasil perlakuan EMS masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan sistem mikropropagasi yang efisien sebagai dasar regenerasi tanaman setelah perlakuan mutagen, menentukan nilai LC50 EMS sebagai acuan mutagenesis in vitro, mengevaluasi keragaman fenotipik dan heritabilitas mutan putatif yang dihasilkan, serta menganalisis perubahan kadar total fenolik dan flavonoid serta kapasitas antioksidan untuk menilai potensi peningkatan kandungan fitokimia akibat perlakuan EMS. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga percobaan yang saling berkaitan. Percobaan pertama bertujuan memperoleh sistem mikropropagasi in vitro yang efisien sebagai dasar regenerasi Portulaca grandiflora. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial pada tahap multiplikasi dan pengakaran, serta RAL satu faktor pada tahap elongasi dan aklimatisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media MS yang diperkaya 13,32 µM BAP dan 0,57 µM IAA merupakan media multiplikasi terbaik dengan menghasilkan rata-rata 6,1 tunas per eksplan atau 2,35 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol selama 8 Minggu Setelah Tanam (MST). Pada tahap elongasi, media MS penuh menghasilkan pertambahan tinggi tanaman tertinggi, yaitu 0,89 cm selama 6 MST. Pada tahap pengakaran, media MS + 30 g L?¹ gula + 9,84 µM IBA menghasilkan jumlah akar terbanyak, yaitu 75 akar atau 1,14 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan kontrol pada 4 MST. Pada tahap aklimatisasi, media campuran tanah : arang sekam : pupuk kandang (1:1:1) menghasilkan pertambahan jumlah daun tertinggi (28,86 daun; 4 MSA), sedangkan media campuran tanah: arang sekam: cocopeat: kompos menghasilkan diameter stomata 1,12 kali lebih besar dibandingkan media kontrol dan 1,16 kali lebih besar dibandingkan kondisi in vitro pada 1 Minggu Setelah Aklimatisasi (MSA). Percobaan kedua bertujuan menentukan nilai LC50 EMS serta mengevaluasi keragaman fenotipik, perubahan morfologi, dan heritabilitas mutan putatif P. grandiflora. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu konsentrasi EMS (0, 2, 3, dan 4%) dan lama perendaman (0,5; 1; dan 2 jam). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai LC50 EMS sebesar 3,9%. Perlakuan EMS 4% selama 2 jam menghasilkan jumlah tunas tertinggi (2,97 tunas) dan tinggi tanaman tertinggi (2,64 cm). Perlakuan EMS 4% selama 1 jam menghasilkan keragaman fenotipik tertinggi, ditunjukkan oleh munculnya individu pencilan dengan pertambahan jumlah tunas, jumlah daun, dan tinggi tanaman yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan sebagian besar populasi, serta memiliki koefisien keragaman yang relatif tinggi pada variabel pertambahan jumlah tunas (121,31%) dan jumlah daun (116,60%). Perlakuan ini juga menghasilkan kerapatan stomata tertinggi (152,63 stomata mm?²) sebesar 2,12 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (71,93 stomata mm?²), dengan koefisien keragaman sebesar 31,03%, lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (4,22%). EMS juga menghasilkan variasi morfologi berupa perubahan pola percabangan, bentuk tajuk, warna batang, serta munculnya indikasi kimera sektoral dan kimera meriklinal. Pendugaan parameter genetik menunjukkan bahwa karakter tinggi tanaman memiliki heritabilitas tinggi (65,17%). Percobaan ketiga bertujuan mengevaluasi perubahan kandungan fitokimia mutan putatif P. grandiflora hasil perlakuan EMS. Percobaan menggunakan RAL satu faktor yang terdiri atas 12 kombinasi perlakuan EMS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan EMS tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap kadar fenolik total (TPC) maupun kapasitas antioksidan berdasarkan metode DPPH, tetapi konsentrasi EMS tinggi (3-4%) meningkatkan kadar flavonoid total (TFC) menjadi 0,61–0,66 mg QE g?¹ FW, atau 1,53–1,65 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (0,40 mg QE g?¹ FW). Perlakuan EMS 4% selama 2 jam menghasilkan kapasitas antioksidan FRAP tertinggi sebesar 0,96 µmol TE g?¹ FW, atau 5,05 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol. Perlakuan EMS 4% selama 1 jam menghasilkan keragaman fenotipik tertinggi sekaligus meningkatkan kapasitas antioksidan berdasarkan metode FRAP menjadi 0,92 µmol TE g?¹ FW (4,84 kali kontrol), CUPRAC menjadi 2,07 µmol TE g?¹ FW (1,15 kali kontrol), dan ABTS menjadi 2,29 µmol TE g?¹ FW (2,20 kali kontrol). Analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa kadar flavonoid total berkorelasi cukup kuat dengan kapasitas antioksidan FRAP dan CUPRAC, berkorelasi lemah dengan ABTS, serta tidak berkorelasi nyata dengan DPPH. Mutagenesis in vitro menggunakan EMS merupakan pendekatan yang efektif untuk meningkatkan keragaman fenotipe pada P. grandiflora. Perlakuan EMS 4% selama 1 jam yang merupakan batas toleransi tertinggi eksplan terhadap EMS, serta EMS 4% selama 2 jam yang mendekati nilai LC50, menghasilkan mutan putatif P. grandiflora dengan variasi karakter agronomis dan kualitas fitokimia yang meningkat. Kedua perlakuan tersebut berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber keragaman genetik untuk seleksi pada generasi berikutnya dalam program pemuliaan tanaman P. grandiflora.
       
      Portulaca grandiflora is a succulent ornamental plant with high aesthetic value and potential as a source of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, betalains, and phenolic acids with antioxidant properties. The development of new cultivars of this species remains challenging because propagation is generally performed vegetatively, resulting in relatively low genetic variation. In vitro mutagenesis using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), supported by an efficient micropropagation system, is a promising approach for increasing genetic variation and generating mutants with desirable traits without altering the major characteristics of the original cultivar. In addition to inducing phenotypic variation, mutagenesis may affect secondary metabolite biosynthesis; therefore, phytochemical evaluation is required to identify changes in the resulting bioactive compounds. Information on micropropagation systems, in vitro mutagenesis using EMS, and changes in the phytochemical composition of EMS-treated P. grandiflora remains limited. This study aimed to develop an efficient micropropagation system as a basis for plant regeneration following mutagen treatment, determine the EMS LC50 as a reference for in vitro mutagenesis, evaluate the phenotypic variation and heritability of the resulting putative mutants, and analyze changes in total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity to assess the potential enhancement of phytochemical properties induced by EMS treatment. This study consisted of three interrelated experiments. The first experiment aimed to establish an efficient in vitro micropropagation system as a basis for the regeneration of P. grandiflora. A factorial completely randomized design (CRD) was used for the multiplication and rooting stages, whereas a one-factor CRD was used for the elongation and acclimatization stages. The results showed that MS medium supplemented with 13,32 µM BAP and 0,57 µM IAA was the best multiplication medium, producing an average of 6,1 shoots per explant, which was 2,35-fold higher than the control at 8 weeks after culture (WAC). During the elongation stage, full-strength MS medium resulted in the greatest increase in plant height, reaching 0,89 cm at 6 WAC. During the rooting stage, MS medium supplemented with 30 g L?¹ sucrose and 9,84 µM IBA produced the highest number of roots, with 75 roots, or 1,14-fold more than the control, at 4 WAC. During acclimatization, a mixture of soil, rice-husk charcoal, and manure (1:1:1) resulted in the greatest increase in leaf number (28,86 leaves), whereas a mixture of soil, rice-husk charcoal, cocopeat, and compost resulted in a stomatal diameter that was 1,12-fold greater than that of the control medium and 1,16-fold greater than that under in vitro conditions at 4 weeks after acclimatization (WAA). The second experiment aimed to determine the EMS LC50 and evaluate phenotypic variation, morphological changes, and heritability in putative P. grandiflora mutants. A factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors was used: EMS concentration (0, 2, 3, and 4%) and exposure duration (0,5; 1; and 2 hour). The results showed that the EMS LC50 was 3,9%. Treatment with 4% EMS for 2 hour resulted in the highest shoot number (2,97 shoots) and plant height (2,64 cm). Treatment with 4% EMS for 1 h produced the greatest phenotypic variation, as indicated by the occurrence of outlier individuals with greater increases in shoot number, leaf number, and plant height than most of the population, as well as relatively high coefficients of variation for increases in shoot number (121,31%) and leaf number (116,6%). This treatment also resulted in the highest stomatal density (152,63 stomata mm?²), which was 2,12-fold higher than that of the control (71,93 stomata mm?²), with a coefficient of variation of 31.03%, compared with 4,22% in the control. Mutagenesis also induced morphological variation, including changes in branching pattern, canopy architecture, and stem color, as well as indications of sectorial and mericlinal chimeras. Estimation of genetic parameters showed that plant height exhibited high heritability (65,17%). The third experiment aimed to evaluate changes in the phytochemical composition of putative P. grandiflora mutants resulting from EMS treatment. A one-factor CRD consisting of 12 EMS treatment combinations was used. The results showed that EMS treatment had no significant effect on total phenolic content (TPC) or antioxidant capacity measured using the DPPH assay. However, high EMS concentrations (3–4%) increased total flavonoid content (TFC) to 0,61–0,66 mg QE g?¹ FW, representing a 1,53–1,65-fold increase compared with the control (0,40 mg QE g?¹ FW). Treatment with 4% EMS for 2 hour resulted in the highest FRAP antioxidant capacity of 0,96 µmol TE g?¹ FW, which was 5,05-fold higher than that of the control. Treatment with 4% EMS for 1 h produced the greatest phenotypic variation while also increasing antioxidant capacity, with FRAP reaching 0,92 µmol TE g?¹ FW (4.84-fold higher than the control), CUPRAC reaching 2,07 µmol TE g?¹ FW (1.15-fold higher than the control), and ABTS reaching 2,29 µmol TE g?¹ FW (2.20-fold higher than the control). Correlation analysis showed that total flavonoid content was moderately strongly correlated with FRAP and CUPRAC antioxidant capacities, weakly correlated with ABTS antioxidant capacity, and not significantly correlated with DPPH antioxidant capacity. In vitro mutagenesis using EMS is an effective approach for increasing genetic variation in P. grandiflora. Treatment with 4% EMS for 1 h, which represented the highest tolerance limit of the explants to EMS, and treatment with 4% EMS for 2 hour, which was close to the LC50, generated putative P. grandiflora mutants with increased variation in agronomic traits and enhanced phytochemical properties. These two treatments have potential as sources of genetic variation for selection in subsequent generations in P. grandiflora breeding programs.
       
      URI
      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/179036
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