Pengelolaan Berkelanjutan Benih Bening Lobster (BBL) dan Lobster; Strategi dan Opsi Kebijakan di Pesisir Selatan Jawa Barat.

Abstract

DEDI CAHYADI IRIANTO. Pengelolaan Berkelanjutan Benih Bening Lobster (BBL) dan Lobster: Strategi dan Opsi Kebijakan di Pesisir Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh ETTY RIANI, BAMBANG WIDIGDO, YONVITNER. Lobster (Panulirus spp.) merupakan komoditas perikanan strategis Indonesia yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi dan berkontribusi penting terhadap perekonomian masyarakat pesisir. Pesisir selatan Jawa Barat merupakan salah satu sentra utama Benih Bening Lobster (BBL), namun peningkatan eksploitasi, dinamika kebijakan, serta belum terintegrasinya aspek bioekologi, sosial, ekonomi, kelembagaan, dan kebijakan dalam pengelolaan telah menimbulkan tantangan dalam menjaga keseimbangan antara konservasi dan pemanfaatan sumber daya. Penelitian terdahulu umumnya mengkaji aspek-aspek tersebut secara parsial sehingga belum menghasilkan kerangka pengelolaan yang komprehensif. Berdasarkan kesenjangan tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan strategi dan opsi kebijakan pengelolaan BBL dan lobster yang berkelanjutan di pesisir selatan Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Ujung Genteng, Sukabumi, Cianjur, dan Pameungpeuk, Garut dengan menggunakan pendekatan mixed methods yang mengintegrasikan data bioekologi, sosial-ekonomi, dan kebijakan melalui observasi lapangan, survei, dan wawancara mendalam, serta telaah dokumen regulasi. Analisis data dilakukan secara bertahap, meliputi analisis bioekologi dan sosial-ekonomi, penilaian status keberlanjutan menggunakan rumus Brown untuk mengukur tingkat keberlanjutan berdasarkan indikator multidimensi, serta Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) untuk menentukan prioritas strategi dan opsi kebijakan pengelolaan berdasarkan berbagai kriteria dan preferensi pemangku kepentingan. Pendekatan tersebut memungkinkan penyusunan rekomendasi pengelolaan BBL dan lobster yang bersifat objektif, terukur, dan berbasis bukti ilmiah sesuai dengan karakteristik bioekologi serta kondisi sosial-ekonomi di wilayah penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi bioekologi perairan masih mendukung keberlangsungan habitat BBL dan lobster, namun meningkatnya tekanan eksploitasi mengindikasikan perlunya pengendalian pemanfaatan agar keberlanjutan stok tetap terjaga. Dari aspek sosial-ekonomi, BBL dan lobster memberikan kontribusi penting terhadap pendapatan masyarakat pesisir, tetapi masih dibatasi oleh rendahnya kapasitas sumber daya manusia, lemahnya kelembagaan, serta keterbatasan akses terhadap teknologi dan pembiayaan. Di sisi lain, meskipun regulasi pengelolaan lobster telah tersedia, efektivitasnya masih terkendala oleh implementasi, koordinasi antarlembaga, dan belum optimalnya sinkronisasi dengan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Analisis keberlanjutan menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan BBL dan lobster berada pada kategori berkelanjutan rendah hingga sedang, dengan faktor pengungkit utama meliputi kualitas habitat, keberhasilan reproduksi, karakteristik substrat, kapasitas sumber daya manusia, efektivitas kelembagaan, dan implementasi kebijakan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pengelolaan BBL dan lobster merupakan sistem sosial-ekologi yang memerlukan pendekatan terpadu. Analisis strategi menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan industri lobster yang terintegrasi dengan sistem budidaya merupakan alternatif yang paling didukung oleh pemangku kepentingan karena mampu meningkatkan nilai tambah ekonomi sekaligus mengurangi tekanan terhadap stok di alam. Implementasinya perlu didukung melalui pendekatan adaptive area-based management, sehingga strategi pengelolaan dapat disesuaikan dengan karakteristik bioekologi dan sosial ekonomi masing-masing wilayah. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keberlanjutan pengelolaan BBL dan lobster tidak hanya ditentukan oleh kondisi bioekologi sumber daya, tetapi juga merupakan hasil interaksi yang dinamis antara dimensi ekologi, sosial, ekonomi, kelembagaan, dan kebijakan. Oleh karena itu, pengelolaan yang efektif harus menerapkan pendekatan adaptif, partisipatif, dan berbasis bukti ilmiah dengan mengintegrasikan seluruh dimensi tersebut dalam satu sistem pengambilan keputusan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan kebaruan ilmiah berupa model pengelolaan berkelanjutan BBL dan lobster yang mengintegrasikan dimensi bioekologi, sosial, ekonomi, kelembagaan, kebijakan, dan ketahanan pangan dalam satu kerangka pengambilan keputusan. Berbeda dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang mengkaji aspek-aspek tersebut secara parsial, model ini mengintegrasikan evaluasi keberlanjutan, identifikasi prioritas intervensi, serta perumusan strategi dan opsi kebijakan berbasis bukti ilmiah (evidence-based policy). Model yang dihasilkan bersifat adaptif, partisipatif, dan berbasis karakteristik wilayah, sehingga memberikan kontribusi konseptual bagi pengembangan ilmu pengelolaan sumber daya pesisir dan laut serta menjadi landasan ilmiah dalam penyusunan kebijakan pengelolaan BBL dan lobster yang berkelanjutan.

Kata kunci : benih bening lobster, kebijakan, lobster, pengelolaan, pesisir Jawa Barat.

DEDI CAHYADI IRIANTO. Sustainable Management of Lobster Seed (Puerulus) and Lobster: Policy Strategies and Options in the Coastal Area of West Java. Supervised by ETTY RIANI, BAMBANG WIDIGDO, YONVITNER. Lobsters (Panulirus spp.) are a strategic fisheries commodity in Indonesia that hold high economic value and make a significant contribution to the economies of coastal communities. The southern coast of West Java is one of the main centers for lobster fry (BBL), but increased exploitation, policy dynamics, and the lack of integration of bioecological, social, economic, institutional, and policy aspects into management have created challenges in maintaining a balance between conservation and resource utilization. Previous studies have generally examined these aspects in isolation and have therefore not produced a comprehensive management framework. Given this gap, this study aims to formulate strategies and policy options for the sustainable management of BBL and lobsters along the southern coast of West Java. The research was conducted in Ujung Genteng, Sukabumi; Cianjur; and Pameungpeuk, Garut, using a mixed-methods approach that integrated bioecological, socioeconomic, and policy data through field observations, surveys, in-depth interviews, and a review of regulatory documents. Data analysis was conducted in stages, including bioecological and socioeconomic analyses, an assessment of sustainability status using Brown’s formula to measure sustainability levels based on multidimensional indicators, and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to determine priorities for management strategies and policy options based on various criteria and stakeholder preferences. This approach enabled the formulation of objective, measurable, and scientifically evidence-based management recommendations for BBL and lobsters in accordance with the bioecological characteristics and socioeconomic conditions in the study area. The research findings indicate that the bioecological conditions of the waters still support the sustainability of the BBL and lobster habitats; however, increasing exploitation pressure suggests the need for management measures to ensure the sustainability of the stocks. From a socioeconomic perspective, BBL and lobsters make a significant contribution to the income of coastal communities, but this is still limited by low human resource capacity, weak institutions, and limited access to technology and financing. On the other hand, although regulations for lobster management are in place, their effectiveness is still hampered by implementation issues, inter-agency coordination, and a lack of optimal alignment with the socioeconomic conditions of the community. The sustainability analysis indicates that the management of BBL and lobsters falls into the low-to-moderate sustainability category, with key drivers including habitat quality, reproductive success, substrate characteristics, human resource capacity, institutional effectiveness, and policy implementation. These findings confirm that the management of BBL and lobsters constitutes a socio-ecological system that requires an integrated approach. Strategy analysis indicates that the development of a lobster industry integrated with aquaculture systems is the alternative most supported by stakeholders, as it can increase economic value-added while reducing pressure on wild stocks. Its implementation must be supported through an adaptive, area-based management approach, so that management strategies can be tailored to the bioecological and socioeconomic characteristics of each region. This study concludes that the sustainability of BBL and lobster management is not determined solely by the bioecological conditions of the resources, but rather results from a dynamic interaction among ecological, social, economic, institutional, and policy dimensions. Therefore, effective management must adopt an adaptive, participatory, and science-based approach by integrating all of these dimensions into a single decision-making system. This study produced scientific novelty in the form of a sustainable management model for BBL and lobsters that integrates bioecological, social, economic, institutional, policy, and food security dimensions into a single decision-making framework. Unlike previous studies that examined these aspects in isolation, this model integrates sustainability assessments, the identification of intervention priorities, and the formulation of strategies and policy options based on scientific evidence (evidence-based policy). The resulting model is adaptive, participatory, and region-specific, thereby making a conceptual contribution to the development of coastal and marine resource management science and serving as a scientific foundation for the formulation of sustainable BBL and lobster management policies.

Keywords: lobster, management, puerulus, policy, West Java coastal area.