Analisis Struktur Rantai Pasok Pangan dan Keterlibatan UMKM Lokal dalam Pelaksanaan Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) di Kota Tangerang Selatan 

Abstract

Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) merupakan kebijakan prioritas nasional yang ditujukan untuk mendukung pemenuhan gizi masyarakat, terutama peserta didik, ibu hamil, ibu menyusui, dan anak balita. Pelaksanaan program dalam skala luas memerlukan sistem penyediaan pangan yang mampu menjamin ketersediaan bahan pangan, kualitas dan keamanan makanan, serta ketepatan distribusi kepada penerima manfaat. Satuan Pelayanan Pemenuhan Gizi (SPPG) memegang peran sentral dalam sistem tersebut dengan melaksanakan pengadaan bahan pangan, penerimaan bahan pangan, pengolahan, pengemasan, dan distribusi makanan. Pelaksanaan fungsi SPPG melibatkan berbagai aktor rantai pasok, seperti mitra, koperasi, usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM), pemasok lainnya, satuan pendidikan, posyandu, dan penerima manfaat. Aktivitas pengadaan dan operasional program juga berpotensi memberikan dampak ekonomi melalui peningkatan permintaan bahan pangan, keterlibatan pelaku usaha lokal, dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi karakteristik SPPG, menganalisis struktur rantai pasok pangan, menganalisis keterlibatan UMKM lokal, mengestimasi besaran pengeluaran langsung dan menganalisis penyerapan tenaga kerja, serta menyusun rekomendasi awal penguatan rantai pasok pangan Program MBG di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif yang didukung oleh statistik deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 25 SPPG yang telah beroperasi sejak tahap awal pelaksanaan Program MBG dan tersebar di tujuh kecamatan di Kota Tangerang Selatan. Data dikumpulkan pada Januari sampai Mei 2026 melalui kuesioner dan wawancara mendalam. Informan utama terdiri atas Kepala SPPG, pengawas gizi, dan pengawas keuangan. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif, sedangkan data kualitatif dianalisis secara deskriptif dan tematik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SPPG telah tersebar di seluruh kecamatan di Kota Tangerang Selatan dan sebagian besar dikelola secara mandiri. Pemenuhan persyaratan higiene dan sanitasi masih perlu ditingkatkan karena hanya 44% SPPG yang telah memiliki Sertifikat Laik Higiene Sanitasi (SLHS). Struktur rantai pasok pangan Program MBG terdiri atas sumber pasokan bahan pangan, saluran pengadaan, SPPG, titik distribusi, dan penerima manfaat. Saluran pengadaan bahan pangan didominasi oleh mitra yang digunakan oleh 48% SPPG dan koperasi yang digunakan oleh 40% SPPG. Pengadaan secara langsung dari UMKM hanya dilakukan oleh 12% SPPG. Pola tersebut menunjukkan bahwa proses pengadaan bahan pangan lebih banyak dilaksanakan melalui aktor perantara. Penelitian mengidentifikasi sebanyak 123 UMKM yang terlibat dalam rantai pasok pangan Program MBG. UMKM tersebut tidak hanya terlibat melalui hubungan langsung dengan SPPG, tetapi juga menjadi sumber pasokan bagi mitra dan koperasi. Pemasok bahan pangan segar merupakan kelompok UMKM dengan proporsi terbesar, yaitu 50%. Sebanyak 76% UMKM yang teridentifikasi berasal dari Kota Tangerang Selatan, sedangkan sisanya berasal dari luar wilayah tersebut. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa rendahnya proporsi pengadaan langsung dari UMKM tidak sepenuhnya mencerminkan tingkat keterlibatan UMKM dalam rantai pasok karena sebagian pelaku usaha terlibat pada lapisan hulu melalui mitra dan koperasi. Keterlibatan UMKM lokal telah terbentuk, tetapi akses langsung kepada SPPG masih terbatas. 25 SPPG menghasilkan estimasi pengeluaran sebesar Rp12,64 miliar per bulan. Estimasi pengeluaran yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini mencakup belanja bahan pangan dan pembayaran upah relawan, tanpa memasukkan biaya operasional lainnya maupun biaya sewa bangunan. Program MBG juga menyerap sebanyak 1.229 tenaga kerja yang meliputi staf Badan Gizi Nasional (BGN), tenaga persiapan dan pengolahan makanan, tenaga pengemasan, tenaga distribusi, tenaga kebersihan, tenaga keamanan serta tenaga pendukung lainnya. Nilai pengeluaran dan jumlah tenaga kerja tersebut menggambarkan dampak ekonomi langsung dalam cakupan SPPG yang diteliti dan belum menunjukkan keseluruhan efek pengganda ekonomi pada tingkat daerah. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterlibatan UMKM dalam rantai pasok Program MBG tidak hanya berlangsung melalui pengadaan langsung oleh SPPG, tetapi juga melalui mitra dan koperasi sebagai saluran pengadaan. Sebanyak 123 UMKM teridentifikasi terlibat dalam rantai pasok tersebut, dengan sebagian besar berasal dari Kota Tangerang Selatan dan didominasi oleh pemasok bahan pangan segar. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa proporsi pengadaan langsung dari UMKM masih lebih rendah dibandingkan pengadaan melalui mitra dan koperasi. Kondisi tersebut menjadi dasar bagi penyusunan rekomendasi awal yang difokuskan pada lima tema, yaitu penguatan kemitraan antara SPPG dan UMKM, peningkatan kapasitas UMKM, perluasan keterlibatan UMKM lokal dalam rantai pasok Program MBG, penguatan keberlanjutan peluang usaha di Kota Tangerang Selatan, serta pengembangan tata kelola rantai pasok dan sistem informasi. Pelaksanaan rekomendasi tersebut memerlukan koordinasi antara Badan Gizi Nasional, pemerintah daerah, SPPG, mitra, koperasi, dan UMKM sesuai dengan peran masing-masing dalam rantai pasok Program MBG di Kota Tangerang Selatan.

The Free Nutritious Meal (Makan Bergizi Gratis/MBG) Program is a national priority policy aimed at improving nutritional intake among the population, particularly school students, pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children under five years of age. The large-scale implementation of the program requires a food supply system capable of ensuring the availability of food commodities, food quality and safety, as well as the timely distribution of meals to beneficiaries. The Nutrition Fulfillment Service Unit (Satuan Pelayanan Pemenuhan Gizi/SPPG) plays a central role in this system by carrying out food procurement, receipt of food supplies, food preparation, packaging, and meal distribution. The implementation of SPPG functions involves various supply chain actors, including partners, cooperatives, micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), other suppliers, educational institutions, integrated health service posts (posyandu), and program beneficiaries. Procurement activities and program operations also have the potential to generate economic impacts through increased demand for food commodities, greater involvement of local business actors, and employment creation. This study aims to identify the characteristics of Nutrition Fulfillment Service Units (SPPGs), analyze the food supply chain structure, examine the involvement of local micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), estimate the magnitude of direct expenditures and assess employment absorption, and formulate preliminary recommendations for strengthening the food supply chain of the Free Nutritious Meal (MBG) Program in South Tangerang City. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach supported by descriptive statistics. The research was conducted on 25 SPPGs that had been operating since the initial phase of the MBG Program and were distributed across the seven districts of South Tangerang City. Data were collected from January to May 2026 through questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The primary informants consisted of SPPG heads, nutrition supervisors, and financial supervisors. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed descriptively and thematically. The findings indicate that SPPGs have been established across all districts of South Tangerang City, with most of them operating independently. Compliance with hygiene and sanitation requirements remains limited, as only 44% of SPPGs have obtained the Sanitation Hygiene Eligibility Certificate (Sertifikat Laik Higiene Sanitasi/SLHS). The MBG Program food supply chain consists of food supply sources, procurement channels, SPPGs, distribution points, and beneficiaries. Food procurement is dominated by partners, which are utilized by 48% of SPPGs, and cooperatives, which are utilized by 40% of SPPGs. Direct procurement from MSMEs is carried out by only 12% of SPPGs. These findings indicate that food procurement is predominantly conducted through intermediary actors. The study identified a total of 123 MSMEs involved in the MBG Program food supply chain. These MSMEs participate not only through direct relationships with SPPGs but also as suppliers to partners and cooperatives. Fresh food suppliers constitute the largest MSME group, accounting for 50% of the identified enterprises. Approximately 76% of the identified MSMEs are located in South Tangerang City, while the remainder are located outside the city. These findings suggest that the relatively low proportion of direct procurement from MSMEs does not fully reflect the extent of MSME participation in the supply chain, as many enterprises are involved at the upstream level through partners and cooperatives. Although local MSMEs have become integrated into the supply chain, their direct access to SPPGs remains limited. The 25 SPPGs generated an estimated monthly expenditure of IDR 12.64 billion. The expenditure estimate used in this study includes food procurement expenditures and volunteer wages but excludes other operational costs and building rental expenses. The MBG Program also generated employment for 1,229 workers, including National Nutrition Agency (Badan Gizi Nasional/BGN) staff, personnel responsible for food preparation and processing, packaging, distribution, sanitation, security, and other supporting functions. These expenditures and employment figures represent the direct economic impact within the scope of the SPPGs examined and do not reflect the overall regional economic multiplier effects. The findings indicate that MSME participation in the MBG Program food supply chain occurs not only through direct procurement by SPPGs but also indirectly through partners and cooperatives as procurement channels. A total of 123 MSMEs were identified as participating in the supply chain, most of which are located in South Tangerang City and are predominantly fresh food suppliers. The study also found that the proportion of direct procurement from MSMEs remains lower than procurement through partners and cooperatives. These findings provide the basis for developing preliminary recommendations focused on five key themes: strengthening partnerships between SPPGs and MSMEs, enhancing MSME capacity, expanding the participation of local MSMEs in the MBG Program food supply chain, promoting the sustainability of business opportunities in South Tangerang City, and improving supply chain governance and information systems. The implementation of these recommendations requires coordination among the National Nutrition Agency (BGN), the local government, SPPGs, partners, cooperatives, and MSMEs according to their respective roles within the MBG Program food supply chain in South Tangerang City.